PubMed · 11333202
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L W Andrews. 2001. Working around PD.. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.109-a114b
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The attractive behavior and advantages of a diamond electrode detector for a micromachined capillary electrophoresis (CE) system are discussed. A chemically vapor-deposited boron-doped diamond (BDD) film band (0.3 x 6.0 mm) electrode is used for end-column amperomettic detection. The favorable performance of the diamond electrode microchip detector is indicated from comparison to a commonly used thick-film carbon detector. The diamond electrode offers enhanced sensitivity, lower noise levels, and sharper peaks for several groups of important anaytes (nitroaromatic explosives, organophosphate nerve agents, phenols). The favorable signal-to-background characteristics of the BDD-based CE detector are coupled with a greatly improved resistance to surface fouling and greater isolation from high separation voltages. The enhanced stability is indicated from a RSD of 0.8% for 60 repetitive measurements of 5 ppm 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (vs RSD of 10.8% at the thick-film carbon electrode). A highly linear response is obtained for the explosives 1,3-dinitrobenzene and 2,4-dinitrotoluene over the 200-1,400 ppb range, with detection limits of 70 and 110 ppb, respectively. Factors influencing the performance of the BDD detector are assessed and optimized. The attractive properties of BDD make it very promising material for electrochemical detection in CE microchip systems and other micromachined flow analyzers.
Using immunotoxic functional tests, namely IgM response to sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production, this study simultaneously evaluated the effects of inhaled chloroform (10, 20, and 50 ppm), carbon tetrachloride (100, 200, and 300 ppm), 1,1-dichloroethylene (5, 10, and 15 ppm), and styrene (100, 200, and 300 ppm) on the systemic (spleen) and local (lung-associated lymph nodes) immune response. At least one concentration of all the chemicals studied provoked a statistically significant increase in IgM response in the lymph nodes compared with the controls, as expressed by the number of plaque-forming cells (PFCs), whereas only the highest concentration of 1,1-dichloroethylene provoked an increase in the number of PFCs statistically different from the controls in the case of the spleens. The release of IFN-gamma in the lymph node cell cultures of the exposed mice exceeded that of the controls by more than 600%, whereas the release of IFN-gamma in the spleen cell cultures of the exposed mice was moderately different from the controls. It would appear from these results that the lung-associated lymph nodes are sensitive targets for chemical inhalation and that the results of systemic tests in the spleen may not mirror local immune response dysfunction. For risk assessment of inhaled chemicals, it is therefore important to take the local immunotoxic effects into consideration, in particular immunostimulation which may be involved in the rise in allergic diseases in industrialised countries.
BACKGROUND: Approximately one million workers worldwide perform welding as part of their work duties. Electric arc welding processes produce metal fumes and gases which may be harmful to exposed workers. METHODS: This review summarizes human and animals studies which have examined the effect of welding fume exposure on respiratory health. An extensive search of the scientific and occupational health literature was performed, acquiring published articles which examined the effects of welding on all aspects of worker and laboratory animal health. The databases accessed included PubMed, Ovid, NIOSHTIC, and TOXNET. RESULTS: Pulmonary effects observed in full-time welders have included metal fume fever, airway irritation, lung function changes, susceptibility to pulmonary infection, and a possible increase in the incidence of lung cancer. Although limited in most cases, animal studies have tended to support the findings from epidemiologic studies. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the numerous studies on welding fumes, incomplete information still exists regarding the causality and possible underlying mechanisms associated with welding fume inhalation and pulmonary disease. The use of animal models and the ability to control the welding fume exposure in toxicology studies could be utilized in an attempt to develop a better understanding of how welding fumes affect pulmonary health.