PubMed · 11409356
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R Chilton. 1999. Web alert.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11409356/
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Phenols present in olive oil may contribute to the health effects of the Mediterranean lifestyle. Olive oil antioxidants increase the resistance of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) against oxidation in vitro, but human intervention studies have failed to demonstrate similar consistent effects. To better mimic the in vivo situation, plasma was incubated with either individual olive oil phenols or olive oil extracts with different phenolic compositions, and LDL was subsequently isolated and challenged for its resistance to oxidation. The results show that the ortho-dihydroxy phenols (hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein-aglycone) are more efficient than their mono-hydroxy counterparts (tyrosol and ligstroside-aglycone) in increasing the resistance of LDL to oxidation. However, the concentration of antioxidants required to inhibit LDL oxidation when added to whole plasma was substantially higher as compared to previous data where antioxidants are directly added to isolated LDL. In conclusion, this study supports the hypothesis that extra virgin olive oil phenols protect LDL in plasma against oxidation. The explanation that in vitro studies show protective effects in contrast to the lack of effect in the majority of human studies may be that the dose of the phenols and thus their plasma concentration in humans was too low to influence ex vivo LDL oxidizability. Further studies are required to gain a better understanding of the potential health benefits that extra virgin olive oil may provide.
Within the Danish population, milk DHA (22:6n-3) levels vary by more than a factor of 10. This paper deals with fluctuations in the milk content of 22:6n-3 and other long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) and the acute effects of fish meals and fish oil supplements on milk levels of LCPUFA. Twelve fish-eating mothers with 4-mon-old infants provided one blood and one adipose tissue sample, and seven consecutive morning hind-milk samples with dietary records from the previous days. Another 12 lactating women were given fish oil (2-8 g) for breakfast and delivered 6-12 milk samples during the following 24 h. The mean milk 22:6n-3 content of the fish-eating mothers was 0.57+/-0.28 FA% (= percentage of total area of FAME peaks in GLC) and the day-to-day variation (SD/mean) within the individual was 35+/-17%. Mean milk 22:6n-3 content on mornings with no fish the day before was 0.42+/-0.15 FA%; this was increased by 82+/-17% (n = 9, P = 0.05) if the mother had eaten fatty fish. Fish oil resulted in a twofold increase in milk 22:6n-3 levels, which peaked after 10 h and lasted for 24 h. The EPA content of milk was also increased by fish meals and fish oil supplements, but these had no effect on the level of arachidonic acid. The study showed that diurnal and day-to-day fluctuations in levels of milk n-3 LCPUFA are large, which makes it difficult to assess the 22:6n-3 intake of breast-fed infants from a single milk sample. In studies of the functional outcome of dietary 22:6n-3 in breast-fed infants it is suggested also to use a measure of maternal 22:6n-3 status.
Dietary nucleotides are required nutrients for some tissues under certain circumstances. A lack of dietary nucleotides negatively influences protein synthesis in both the liver and the small intestine of rats. Ribosome degradation has been observed as being among the mechanisms responsible for this effect. Dietary nucleotides can also modulate gene expression by interaction with specific transcription factors, in both the liver and the small intestine.