PubMed · 11459034
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M Konner. 2001-06-14. Bad words.. https://doi.org/10.1038/35081240
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The Pioneer Fund was created in 1937 "to conduct or aid in conducting study and research into problems of heredity and eugenics . . . and problems of race betterment with special reference to the people of the United States." The Fund was endowed by Colonel Wickliffe Preston Draper, a New England textile heir, and perpetuates his legacy through an active program of grants, some of the more controversial in aid of research on racial group differences. Those presently associated with the Fund maintain that it has made a substantial contribution to the behavioral and social sciences, but insider accounts of Pioneer's history oversimplify its past and smooth over its more tendentious elements. This article examines the social context and intellectual background to Pioneer's origins, with a focus on Col. Draper himself, his concerns about racial degeneration, and his relation to the eugenics movement. In conclusion, it evaluates the official history of the fund.
BACKGROUND: For research on physical activity interventions to progress systematically, the mechanisms of action must be studied. In doing so, the research methods and their associated concepts and terminology become more complex. It is particularly important to clearly distinguish among determinants, correlates, mediators, moderators, and confounder variables used in physical activity research. This article examines the factors that are correlated with and that may have a causal relationship to physical activity. METHODS AND RESULTS: We propose that the term "correlate" be used, instead of "determinant," to describe statistical associations or correlations between measured variables and physical activity. Studies of the correlates of physical activity are reviewed. The findings of these studies can help to critique existing theories of health behavior change and can provide hypotheses to be tested in intervention studies from which it is possible to draw causal inferences. Mediator, moderator, and confounder variables can act to influence measured changes in physical activity. Intervening causal variables that are necessary to complete a cause-effect pathway between an intervention and physical activity are termed "mediators." The relationship between an intervention and physical activity behaviors may vary for different groups; the strata by which they vary are levels of "moderators" of the relationship. Other factors may distort or affect the observed relationships between program exposure and physical activity, and are known as "confounders." CONCLUSIONS: Consistent use of terms and additional research on mediators and moderators of intervention effects will improve our ability to understand and influence physical activity.
Over the past decade, a new paradigm in behavioral health care has emerged. It places emphasis on cost control, evidence-based practice, patient safety, access to care, treatment relevance for diverse populations, consumerism, and quality of care. Unfortunately, graduate education and training programs have had difficulty keeping pace with the dramatic changes in the field. As a consequence, there is concern that the graduates of many of these programs are not being adequately prepared to practice in current health care systems. This article reviews the nature of recent changes in behavioral health care, the current status of graduate education programs with respect to these changes, and offers 15 recommendations for increasing the relevance of graduate education to contemporary clinical practice.