PubMed · 11619726
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R Vollmuth. 1997. [Not Available].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11619726/
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Since 1984, the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region has had targets for reducing the burden of a number of communicable diseases. While some countries have already met the targets for interrupting indigenous measles transmission and for reducing the incidence of congenital rubella syndrome to <1 case per 100,000 births, most have not. The cultural and economic diversity of the region present a number of challenges that must be overcome before the regional targets are met. These include social factors, political will, economic costs associated with supplementary campaigns, and more effective communication with health professionals and the public on the benefits and risks associated with immunization. Most WHO European Region member states are expected to use combined measles-mumps-rubella vaccine within the next 5 years. Consultation within the region is occurring on a strategic plan to meet the targets by 2010.
Flowabilities of six commercially available, direct compression excipients, Emcompress, Fujicalin, Starch 1500, Avicel PH-102, Tablettose 80, and Tablettose 100 were examined according to the technical procedure described in the current European Pharmacopoeia, and with a Sotax Flow Tester. Results revealed unfavourable properties for Fujicalin compared to other substances. Fujicalin, however, appeared macroscopically to be of extremely pronounced free-flowing properties. This contradiction was studied in more detail, proposing to express powder flow in terms of volume per time unit rather than mass per time unit (volume-flowability).
This report traces the evolution of surveillance programmes for influenza in the United Kingdom and countries of western Europe since the World Health Organisation (WHO) resolution to establish an international influenza reference centre in 1947. The introduction of clinical surveillance schemes in the late 1960s and their gradual integration with laboratory-based surveillance is described, with particular emphasis on the need for integrated surveillance based on population-specific denominators. The function of the European Influenza Surveillance Scheme (EISS), its work programme in the last 5 years, and the likely direction of future developments is outlined. The report advocates the EISS model of influenza surveillance, which involves the integrated collection of clinical and laboratory data in the same population using sentinel practitioners.