PubMed · 11638096
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T Lefebvre. 1989. [Not Available].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11638096/
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The Mediterranean population of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV-ES) is characterized by a high genetic uniformity, distinguishing it from its Asian counterparts. ToLCNDV-ES is thought to have a monophyletic origin, likely resulting from a single recombination event, prior to its spread throughout the Mediterranean region. Following its first detection in southeastern France in 2020, ToLCNDV-ES re-emerged in France in 2022. Our analysis based on advanced long-read sequencing, circular DNA profiling, and phylogeny indicates both local persistence of French ToLCNDV-ES and multiple independent introduction events. Signatures of positive selection were identified in French ToLCNDV-ES populations, whereas no clear evidence of recombination was found. Bayesian time-structured phylogenetic analyses suggest that introductions in France occurred between 2018 and 2021 from the major ToLCNDV-ES clade, while several Italian ToLCNDV-ES isolates diverged prior to the virus introduction in the Mediterranean basin. Overall, this study demonstrates the value of an optimized long-read sequencing approach for resolving circular DNA virus diversity, and sheds light on the complex evolutionary history of ToLCNDV-ES in the Mediterranean Basin, particularly in southeastern France.
Since the 1960s, French public mental health services are organised in "sectors", each sector catering for a mean population of 54,000 inhabitants. Although this organisation was aimed at insuring equal access to care whatever the place of residence, there are still huge disparities in number of staff and bed resources from one sector to another. The reduction in the number of hospital beds started later in France than in most other European countries, and was really effective in the 1990s. In 2000, there were 9.4 beds for 10,000 inhabitants aged over 20 years. Hospital-based care has still an overwhelming importance, and is associated with a marked under-development of community services and lack of sheltered housing for the most disabled patients. With more than 13,000 registered psychiatrists in France, the density of psychiatrists is one of the highest in the world. However, French psychiatry has currently to face a structural crisis due to the reduction in public health budgets, as well as to the reduction of 30% in the number of French psychiatrists over the next two decades. The numerous national programmes aimed at renovating French mental health services, published over the last decade, have not yet kept their promises.
Cabernet franc berries were sampled at five stages from berry set to harvest from an experimental vineyard in mid Loire Valley. Seeds were collected from representative berries in term of stage of development. The evolution of seed was followed both macro- and microscopically. For microscopy analysis, seeds were cut, put in a fixation solution, and cut into thin sections with a microtome. Five staining solutions were used for each seed sample: toluidine blue O, phloroglucinol, periodic acid-Schiff's reagent and naphtol blue black, vanillin, and p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde. Toluidine blue O staining revealed the evolution of tissue structures during grape seed development. We studied the changes in chemical compounds (lignin, polysaccharides, proteins, and tannins) with the other reagents. Seed lignification was achieved at veraison. Proanthocyanidins were localized in epidermis, inner cells of the soft seed coat, and inner cell layer of the inner integument. Finally, the localization of flavan-3-ols was linked with changes in cell walls of the outer integument.