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Abstract

Along the 5000 years of human history, medicine and doctors are always present in all epochs and in all civilizations. In the early millinariums the doctor swings from magic to science; even nowadays supranatural and theurgic influences are present in some medical acts. In the IV century B.C. Hippocrates found medicine on observation and on reason; experimental method starts, yet with the limits given by rudimental techniques and the limitations bound to dogmatism and authority. From the XVII century on empirism replaces with difficulty metaphysics and induction substitutes deduction. In the XX century hypothetic-deductive, both based on the formulation of checked facts (C. Bernard) and on the presentation of fanciful hypotheses (K. Popper), characterizes the actual development of science and of medicine. Nowadays artificial intelligence expands the complex systems of life and of disease: the scientific aspects, moreover, are integrated with humanistic features and with environmental requirements.