PubMed · 11643397
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Vera Rich. 1977-08-18. Heading for Honolulu.. https://doi.org/10.1038/268578a0
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This study was carried out at the Pediatrics Unit in a School Hospital of the city of São Paulo during the second semester of 2000. This is a qualitative research with the following objectives: (1) to understand how mothers with a child in hospital identify the nurse as well as other components of the nursing Staff (technicians and assistants) and (2) to learn about their perceptions about the care provided by the nursing staff. Eight mothers with a child hospitalized were individually interviewed. Speeches were submitted to a thematic analysis of the content. Two categories were observed: Identification of the nurse/nursing staff by mothers with a child in hospital and the perception of these mothers about the nursing staff. In the first category, the difficulty to identify the components of the nursing staff was observed. In the second, it was observed that the nursing activity is seen as subordinated to the medical area. Eventually, mothers have difficulty to distinguish what is performed by the nurse or by the other members of the staff but the entire nursing care is evaluated as very good. Besides, the nurse is considered as the one who solves the problem. Nursing is seen by these mothers as an activity mediated by the representation of motherhood. The care performed by this staff in spite of being considered as very good, still needs to be presented to mothers as professionals and self-employed in order to change a stereotyped view of nursing.
OBJECTIVE: To determine how preadolescent urban children conceptualize and experience violence in their lives. DESIGN: This qualitative study reports the results of focus groups designed to examine perceptions of violence among preadolescent urban children. Program directors were trained to conduct the sessions using a semistructured script. All groups were audiotaped or videotaped. The summaries were analyzed for recurring themes. SETTING: A community-based visual arts program for children designed to be a secondary violence-prevention program. PARTICIPANTS: There were 12 focus groups of volunteer participants. Each consisted of 3 to 6 children aged 8 to 12 years, separated by sex and age. Fifty children participated: 27 boys and 23 girls. RESULTS: These children defined violence in a broader way than most adults would. Not only did the children identify shootings and stabbings as examples of violence, but they also considered violence to be any act that might hurt someone's feelings (such as cheating and lying) or any act accompanying violence (such as cursing and yelling). The boys and girls were very similar in their views except regarding the issue of intimate-partner violence. The girls were almost universally concerned about this issue, but the boys seemed noticeably unaware that intimate-partner violence was considered a form of violence. Most children felt safe at home, and almost no child felt safe at school. They looked to trusted adults to keep them safe. CONCLUSIONS: Future investigators measuring the effect of violence-prevention activities on preteen children should be aware that their definition of violence may differ from that of young children and should be cognizant of potential sex differences, especially around the topic of intimate-partner violence. Those designing violence-prevention programs for children should consider engaging adult family members as well because children usually turn to them for safety.
The author reviews some of the social and behavioral factors acting on the brain that influence health, illness, and death. Supported with data from several areas of research, his proposal for understanding health and illness provides both the concepts and the mechanisms for studying and explaining mind-body relationships. The brain is the body's first line of defense against illness, and the mind is the emergent functioning of the brain. This mind-body approach incorporates ideas, belief systems, and hopes as well as biochemistry, physiology, and anatomy. Changing thoughts imply a changing brain and thus a changing biology and body. Belief systems provide a baseline for the functioning brain upon which other variables act and have their effects.