PubMed · 11650534
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T M Grundner, Robert J Levine, Alan Meisel. 1982. More on making consent forms more readable.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11650534/
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What is abstraction? In our view, abstraction is generalization. Specifically, we propose that abstract concepts emerge as the natural product of associative learning and generalization by similarity. We support this proposal by presenting evidence for two ideas: first, that children's knowledge about how categories are organized and how words refer to them can be explained as learned generalizations over specific experiences of words referring to categories; and second, that the path of concepts from concrete to more abstract can be observed throughout development and that even in their more abstract form, concepts retain some of their original sensory basis. We illustrate these two facts by examining, in two kinds of learners--networks and young children--the development of three abstract ideas: (i) the idea of word; (ii) the idea of object; and (iii) the idea of substance.
This paper develops the notion of abstraction in the context of the psychology of concepts, and discusses its relation to context dependence in knowledge representation. Three general approaches to modelling conceptual knowledge from the domain of cognitive psychology are discussed, which serve to illustrate a theoretical dimension of increasing levels of abstraction.
Addiction is undoubtedly a prototypical complex disorder owing to its multidimensional characteristics: socio-political, environmental, behavioral and cognitive, cellular-molecular, and perhaps genetic. At least four main questions are now open to debate: 1. the definition (what is drug dependence) posits that at the core of the syndrome three constructs must be considered: compulsive use, loss of control and a spiralling affective negative state, suggesting that complex neuropsychological-cognitive and emotional processes are involved; 2. there are huge individual differences concerning vulnerability to drugs and finally few subjects using drugs in a recreational way will succomb, a fact not reflected in the animal model; 3. at the neurospsychiatric level many brain regions, as well as hormonal systems, are functionally intricated, well beyond the classical dopamine-reward system; 4. the neurobiological adaptation that occurs in the course of dependence is often labelled as sensitization, which constitutes an oversimplification.