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Template-Directed One- and Two-Dimensional Copper(II) Diphosphonates: Structures and Characterizations of (NH(4))(2)Cu(3)(hedp)(2)(H(2)O)(4), [NH(3)(CH(2))(4)NH(3)]Cu(3)(hedp)(2).2H(2)O, and [NH(2)(C(2)H(4))(2)NH(2)]Cu(3)(hedp)(2) (hedp = 1-Hydroxyethylidenediphosphonate).

Li-Min Zheng·Hui-Hua Song·Chun-Ying Duan·Xin-Quan Xin
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Abstract

Three new copper(II) diphosphonates, (NH(4))(2)Cu(3)(hedp)(2)(H(2)O)(4) (1), [NH(3)(CH(2))(4)NH(3)]Cu(3)(hedp)(2).2H(2)O (2), and [NH(2)(C(2)H(4))(2)NH(2)]Cu(3)(hedp)(2) (3), where hedp = 1-hydroxyethylidenediphosphonate, have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal structural analysis. Crystal data: 1, monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 6.2137(13) Å, b = 14.747(2) Å, c = 11.1802(12) Å, beta = 105.83(2) degrees, Z = 2; 2, triclinic, P&onemacr;, a = 7.4840(12) Å, b = 8.032(3) Å, c = 10.007(2) Å, alpha = 111.68(2) degrees, beta = 96.188(14) degrees, gamma = 96.97(2) degrees, Z = 1; 3, triclinic, P&onemacr;, a = 7.0155(6) Å, b = 8.0904(9) Å, c = 9.2644(11) Å, alpha = 112.611(13) degrees, beta = 90.819(8) degrees, gamma = 92.824(7) degrees, Z = 1. The compound 1 is composed of infinite chains with a ladder-type motif. The compounds 2 and 3 adopt a two-dimensional layer structure which contains four- and eight-membered rings assembled from vertex-sharing {CuO(4)} units and {CPO(3)} tetrahedra. The magnetic properties of 3 have been investigated.

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Li-Min Zheng, Hui-Hua Song, Chun-Ying Duan, Xin-Quan Xin. 1999-11-01. Template-Directed One- and Two-Dimensional Copper(II) Diphosphonates: Structures and Characterizations of (NH(4))(2)Cu(3)(hedp)(2)(H(2)O)(4), [NH(3)(CH(2))(4)NH(3)]Cu(3)(hedp)(2).2H(2)O, and [NH(2)(C(2)H(4))(2)NH(2)]Cu(3)(hedp)(2) (hedp = 1-Hydroxyethylidenediphosphonate).. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic990481r

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Effectiveness of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccines against hospitalisation according to frailty risk: a prespecified analysis of the randomised trial DANFLU-2.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is a major risk factor for influenza-related complications and can influence vaccine effectiveness. We aimed to assess the relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) of high-dose (HD-IIV) versus standard-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (SD-IIV) in older adults aged 65 years or older according to frailty risk. METHODS: This study was a prespecified analysis of DANFLU-2, an open-label, individually randomised trial, conducted in Denmark during three consecutive influenza seasons (2022-23, 2023-24, and 2024-25). Adults aged 65 years or older were randomised (1:1) to the HD-IIV or SD-IIV group. The primary endpoint was hospitalisation for influenza or pneumonia. Frailty was defined according to the validated Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) based on ICD-10 codes within 10 years before randomisation. Participants were stratified into three HFRS categories, namely low (<5 points), intermediate (5-15 points), and high (>15 points) frailty risk. The rVE of HD-IIV versus SD-IIV against the primary endpoint was assessed across prespecified HFRS categories and treating HFRS as a continuous variable. Pearson's chi-square test was used to compare safety events across frailty risk groups and randomisation groups. FINDINGS: Among 332&#x2009;438 randomised participants (mean age 73&#xb7;7 years [SD 5&#xb7;8]; 161&#x2009;538 [48&#xb7;6%] were female), 276&#x2009;173 (83&#xb7;1%) had low frailty risk, 52&#x2009;395 (15&#xb7;8%) had intermediate frailty risk, and 3861 (1&#xb7;2%) had high frailty risk. The primary endpoint of hospitalisation for influenza or pneumonia occurred in 1424 (0&#xb7;5%) of 276&#x2009;173 participants with low frailty risk, 761 (1&#xb7;5%) of 52&#x2009;395 with intermediate frailty risk, and 163 (4&#xb7;2%) of 3861 with high frailty risk (relative risk [RR] for intermediate vs low frailty risk 2&#xb7;8 [95% CI 2&#xb7;6-3&#xb7;1]; RR for high vs low frailty risk 8&#xb7;2 [7&#xb7;0-9&#xb7;6]). HFRS as a continuous variable significantly modified the effect of HD-IIV versus SD-IIV against the primary endpoint with higher rVE estimates with increasing HFRS (pinteraction=0&#xb7;020). The rVE was 0&#xb7;2% (95% CI -10&#xb7;8 to 10&#xb7;2) among those with low frailty risk, 13&#xb7;1% (-0&#xb7;4 to 24&#xb7;8) among those with intermediate frailty risk, and 19&#xb7;9% (-10&#xb7;3 to 42&#xb7;1) among those with high frailty risk. No significant interaction was observed when HFRS was assessed according to the prespecified categorical frailty groups (pinteraction=0&#xb7;17). The proportion of participants with at least one serious adverse event increased across frailty risk groups (13&#x2009;366 [4&#xb7;8%] of 275&#x2009;795 for low frailty risk, 5475 [10&#xb7;5%] of 52&#x2009;315 for intermediate frailty risk, and 777 [20&#xb7;2%] of 3850 for high frailty risk; p<0&#xb7;0001), with similar proportions of serious adverse events in the HD-IIV and SD-IIV groups for each frailty risk group. INTERPRETATION: Among adults aged 65 years or older in Denmark, frailty risk might modify the effects of HD-IIV versus SD-IIV against hospitalisation for influenza or pneumonia, with higher rVE estimates with increasing frailty risk. These findings might support considering high-dose influenza vaccines for frail older adults. However, effect modification was not evident when frailty was assessed using prespecified categorical subgroups, and subgroup-specific estimates were imprecise, with 95% CIs crossing the null. These results should be considered exploratory, warranting further investigation. FUNDING: The DANFLU-2 trial was funded by Sanofi.

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