Hip arthroscopy. The lateral approach.

Abstract

The lateral approach provides an easy and safe access to the hip joint. The line from skin to the joint itself is a straight, downward drop (Fig. 18). The vital arteries and nerves are a safe distance from the portal sites. The potential problems that can arise from this procedure are from the traction applying a compression force on the branches of the pudendal nerve as they cross the ischium (Fig. 19) and traction force on the sciatic nerve. I have always maintained that traction should be treated like a tourniquet; that is, it should be applied for no more then 2 hours. [figure: see text] Furthermore, the amount of traction should not exceed 75 pounds. I use a tensiometer, but it is not mandatory because the major issue with traction is the duration of application. I have monitored the sciatic nerve using both evoke potentials and, in some cases, motor potentials in over 50 cases in the past year, and the poundage and time limits of the traction (75 pounds and 2 hours) were verified. In addition, if the fracture [figure: see text] table has a vertical post as well as a peroneal post, set the vertical post in the back of the patient, and not in the front. Flexing the hip around that post will greatly increase the traction and at the same time will place an extreme stretch on the sciatic nerve, setting up the chance of a significant sciatic nerve neuropraxia. To protect the pudendal nerve, Lyon et al suggest that the perineal post be at least 9 cm in diameter to distribute the forces in a wide area on the ischium and make sure that the pelvis is well supported so the pressure of the post is not placed directly on the this nerve. The perineal posts on most fracture tables are only 3 cm in diameter. These can be made larger by wrapping them with padding. In some fracture tables, the slats that support the lower leg can be removed, and consequently the support on the pelvis is lost. For hip arthroscopy, the slats do not have to be removed. The lateral approach provides a safe and simple way of performing hip arthroscopy. The instruments can be manipulated easily so that the entire confines of the joint can be visualized with the arthroscope and reached with operative instruments.