PubMed · 11871974
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T M W Long. 2002. A phantom capnograph trace.. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2002.2470_16.x
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BACKGROUND: The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is a traditional index of the hypnotic potency of an inhalational anaesthetic. To investigate the anaesthetic as well as the unwanted effects of xenon (Xe) in a swine model, it is useful to know MAC(Xe). METHODS: The study was performed using ten swine (weight 27.8-35.4 kg) anaesthetized with halothane and Xe 0, 15, 30, 40, 50 and 65% in oxygen. With each Xe concentration, various concentrations of halothane were administered in a step-by-step design. For each combination, a supramaximal pain stimulus (claw clamp) was applied and the appearance of a withdrawal reaction was recorded. The MAC(Xe) with halothane was calculated using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: During stable ventilation, haemodynamics and temperature, MAC(Xe) value was determined as 119 vol. % (95% confidence limits 103-135). CONCLUSION: MAC(Xe) in swine was calculated by extrapolation of a logistic regression model. Its theoretical value is 119 vol. %.
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Breathing system filters are recommended for use during anaesthesia to protect the patient from inhaling gas-borne particles. Filters placed at the patient connection port of the breathing system can also humidify the inspired gases. The end-inspired moisture content was measured when using five different filters with two different ventilatory test conditions on a patient model during a typical pre-oxygenation period of 3 min. The moisture content of the end-inspired air at the end of the 3-min period varied from 6.4 to 27.8 and from 4.4 to 25.9 g.m-3 for tidal volumes of 0.5 and 1.0 l, respectively (p < 0.0001 for all pairwise comparisons of the five filters and for the two tidal volumes). Those breathing system filters that have at least an adequate level of performance (at least 20 g.m-3) will generally achieve this level within the 3-min pre-oxygenation period.