PubMed · 11894813
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Advances in genetic tools such as next and third generation sequencing, paired with a focus on representative clades, provide insight into how processes including adaptation, admixture, and genome structure shape the evolution and maintenance of species. However, our understanding of the genomics of speciation is dominated by systems where ecological adaptations are thought to cause initial barriers to gene exchange. In contrast to other model systems, the 38 species of the genus Laupala constitute a very rapid radiation, where evolution of reproductive barriers and speciation is thought to be driven by sexual selection. Here, with novel PacBio HiFi reads and RNA- and Iso-Seq data, we provide a highly contiguous, chromosome-level genome and markedly improved annotation of the endemic Hawaiian cricket, Laupala kohalensis Otte, 1994. Our new resources advance previous efforts, placing 99% of 47 scaffolds on 7 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome in the 1.67 Gb assembly, with a 98.8% BUSCO score (insecta_db10), N50 of ~268 Mb, and L50 of 3. Using a custom repeat library, we estimate the genome to have 46.09% repeat content, and the new annotation includes an increased estimate of 17,670 genes, which coincides with that known from other Orthopterans. Notably, we find a large nuclear DNA segment of mitochondrial origin on chromosome 7. This new resource provides a powerful tool to identify and compare genomic causes of phenotypic diversification in a system characterized by strong signatures of sexual differentiation, representing an underappreciated but potentially widespread cause of speciation.
BACKGROUND: In an effort to increase organ donation, the Department of Health and Human Services issued the Final Rule in 1998. The Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) later required hospitals to notify organ procurement organizations (OPO) of all deaths and imminent deaths in order to remain eligible for Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement. We set out to determine the impact of the Final Rule on organ donation in Hawaii. METHODS: Medical records of all deaths between January 1999 and December 2000 at 17 acute-care hospitals were reviewed to determine the number of medically suitable, potential organ donors. RESULTS: Of 9427 deaths, 144 were potential organ donors. In 1999, before the Final Rule, 60 of 75 (80%) potential donors were identified and 40 (53%) were referred to the OPO. In 2000, after the Final Rule, the identification rate was 83% and the referral rate was 70%. CONCLUSIONS: Although, the Final Rule increased the referral rate slightly, medical centres must continue to improve their identification of potential donors and prompt referral. This is not only to comply with the Final Rule, but ultimately to increase organ donation to meet the needs of the ever-expanding list of patients waiting for organs.
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