PubMed · 12026728
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Jeffrey A Sherman. 2002. Radiosurgery 2002.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12026728/
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The prospects for tooth regeneration in the 21st century are compelling. Using the foundations of experimental embryology, developmental and molecular biology, the principles of biomimetics (the mimicking of biological processes), tooth regeneration is becoming a realistic possibility within the next few decades. The cellular, molecular, and developmental "rules" for tooth morphogenesis are rapidly being discovered. The knowledge gained from adult stem cell biology, especially associated with dentin, cartilage, and bone tissue regeneration, provides additional opportunities for eventual tooth organogenesis. The centuries of tooth development using xenotransplantation, allotransplantation, and autotransplantation have resulted in many important insights that can enhance tooth regeneration. In considering the future, several lines of evidence need to be considered: (1) enamel organ epithelia and dental papilla mesenchyme tissues contain stem cells during postnatal stages of life; (2) late cap stage and bell stage tooth organs contain stem cells; (3) odontogenic adult stem cells respond to mechanical as well as chemical "signals"; (4) presumably adult bone marrow as well as dental pulp tissues contain "odontogenic" stem cells; and (5) epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are pre-requisite for tooth regeneration. The authors express "guarded enthusiasm," yet there should be little doubt that adult stem cell-mediated tooth regeneration will be realized in the not too distant future. The prospects for tooth regeneration could be realized in the next few decades and could be rapidly utilized to improve the quality of human life in many nations around the world.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of water on dental hard tissue ablation using Er:YAG laser as it relates to energy and pulse repetition rate, and determine the water flow rate that produces the most effective ablation at a given irradiation condition. BACKGROUND DATA: Er:YAG laser application leads to volumetric expansion and micro-explosions that result in hard tissue ablation. Ablation efficiency is improved when combined with fine water spray. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Extracted, healthy human molars were sectioned into two pieces and categorized into small groups related to water flow rate (1.69, 6.75, and 13.5 mL/min), pulse energy (250 and 400 mJ), and pulse repetition rate (5, 10, and 20 Hz). Within the combination of irradiation parameters, a laser beam was applied over enamel and dentin surfaces of the specimens, and the ablation amount was determined by differences in weight before and after irradiation. RESULTS: At a pulse energy of 250 mJ, the most effective ablation resulted from a water flow rate of 1.69 mL/min in both enamel and dentin. With 400 mJ/pulse, dentin removal was most effective at the water flow rate of 1.69 mL/min, whereas the efficiency of enamel ablation was the highest at 6.75 mL/min. Dental hard tissue ablated better as energy and pulse repetition rate increased. CONCLUSION: Effective ablation of dental hard tissue using Er:YAG laser requires that the appropriate water flow rate correspond properly to irradiation conditions. The results of this study suggest the following parameters; a water flow rate of 1.69 mL/min for enamel and dentin ablation at a pulse energy of 250 mJ and for dentin ablation at 400 mJ/pulse, and a water flow rate of 6.75 mL/min for enamel ablation at a pulse energy of 400 mJ, regardless of pulse repetition rate of 5, 10, and 20 Hz.
The life characteristics that contribute to a happy professional life are easy to identify. However, many of us do not strive to incorporate them into our lives. In this article, Dr. Rex Ingraham has shared his ideas about the factors that have contributed to his happy and long professional life in dentistry, as well as to his satisfying life in retirement. All of us would do well to adopt some of these characteristics into our own lives.