PubMed · 12142713
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Melvin A Shiffman. 2002. Estrogen and thromboembolic problems.. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200208000-00072
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Progesterone is one of the first nuclear receptor hormones to be described functionally and subsequently approached as a drug target. Because progesterone (1) affects both menstruation and gestation via the progesterone receptor (PR), research aimed at modulating its activity is usually surrounded by controversy. However, ligands for PR were developed into drugs, and their evolution can be crudely divided into three periods: (1) drug-like steroids that mimic the gestational properties of progesterone; (2) drug-like steroids with different properties from progesterone and expanded therapeutic applications; and (3) non-steroidal PR ligands with improved selectivity and modulator properties and further expanded therapeutic applications. Although the latter have yet to see widespread clinical applications, their development is founded on a half century of research, and they represent the future for this drug target.
Epidemiological research has good possibilities in Denmark due to the fact that all people have a personal PIN code and due to our many National health registers. In gynaecology the National Register of Patients, the Birth Registry, IVF-registry, Cancer Registry and latest the National Prescription Database offer unique possibilities of linking exposure data with many clinical outcomes. Danish epidemiology has contributed with morbidity analyses on children concieved by in vitro fertilisation, pharmacoepidemiological studies on short and long term effects of oral contraceptives and hormone therapy and, now, with routine assessment of clinical quality.
BACKGROUND: Instructions for what women should do when they miss oral contraceptive pills are complex and vary according to the quantity and the timing of missed pills. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the comprehensibility of four types of instructions rendered in both 21- and 28-day versions, as well as in graphic and text formats. Interviews were conducted with 864 current and past pill users in Kingston, Jamaica. Each was provided with scenarios of missed pills and one version of the instructions; they were then asked what they should do to avoid pregnancy. RESULTS: More than 60% of respondents knew what to do when one pill was missed, but most did not give correct answers for missing two or more pills in a row, regardless of the instruction type. CONCLUSION: Women generally do a poor job of identifying steps to take when multiple pills are missed. Graphic instructions are easier to understand than text-only instructions and less information is better. Findings suggest that rendering missed pill instructions in graphic format while scaling back on the breadth of medical information results in better comprehension.