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PubMed · 1216640

[Pathomorphological changes in sheep in experimental enzootic abortion].

Iu T Andriishin
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Abortion, VeterinaryAnimalsFemaleFetusLiverLungLymph NodesPregnancySheepSheep DiseasesSpleenUterusJournal Article

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Iu T Andriishin. 1975. [Pathomorphological changes in sheep in experimental enzootic abortion].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1216640/

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PubMed1995

Evaluation of abortions in cattle attributable to neosporosis in selected dairy herds in California.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the minimum rate of abortion attributable to infection with Neospora sp in selected California dairy herds. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: Twenty-six dairy herds containing 19,708 cows were studied. Fourteen herds had a history of abortions attributable to neosporosis, and 12 were herds in which neosporosis had not been identified as a cause of abortions. PROCEDURE: During a 1-year period, all available aborted fetuses were submitted to veterinary diagnostic laboratories to determine the cause of abortion. Reproductive records of cows that aborted were reviewed. RESULTS: Neospora sp infection was the major cause of abortion identified (113/266 abortions, 42.5%). The majority (232/266, 87.2%) of the aborted fetuses were submitted from herds with a history of abortions attributable to neosporosis, and Neospora sp infection was identified as the causative agent in 101 of 232 (43.5%) of the abortions from these herds. Fewer aborted fetuses were submitted from the 12 herds that did not have a history of abortion attributable to Neospora sp; however, neosporosis was confirmed as a cause of abortion in 6 of these 12 herds and was identified as the causative agent in 12 of 34 (35.3%) abortions from these herds. The disease was widespread throughout the state (19/26 herds in our study). Available reproductive histories of cows that had abortions attributed to neosporosis were evaluated, and 4 cows were identified that twice aborted Neospora-infected fetuses. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Abortion attributable to Neospora sp infections can be expected to be a continuing major cause of abortion in dairy herds with a history of neosporosis as well as in dairy herds that have a history of sporadic abortions, but for which Neospora sp infections have not been previously identified as a cause of abortion. Subsequent pregnancies in cows that abort a Neospora sp-infected fetus also are at risk of infection, suggesting that the immunity provided by an initial infection is inadequate to prevent repeat infection or that cows can be persistently infected with Neospora sp.

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PubMed1995

Early embryo loss is associated with local production of nitric oxide by decidual mononuclear cells.

In early embryo loss, the fetus may be considered to be an allograft and, therefore, may be rejected by maternal immunocytes. However, the cytotoxic mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. We have previously shown the involvement of natural killer (NK) cells and mononuclear cells expressing Mac-1 (CD11b) and F4/80 in resorbing compared to nonresorbing embryos. In this study, the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the mechanism of early embryo loss was studied. Pregnant CBA/J females mated with DBA/2 males (20-30% early embryo loss) and CD1 females mated with CD1 males (5-10% early embryo loss) were studied on days 8, 10, and 12 of gestation. Cells from the implantation sites of individual embryos were tested for the production of nitrite and nitrate with or without in vitro challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to determine whether decidual macrophages were primed in situ. On day 12 of gestation, when resorption was clearly visible, resorbing embryos showed more than a fivefold increase in both basal- and LPS-induced nitrite and nitrate production compared to nonresorbing embryos in both mouse strains tested, indicating that the decidual mononuclear cells were primed. Furthermore, more than 20% of CBA/J embryos showed a significant nitrate release on days 8 and 10 of gestation before any signs of embryo cytopathology. This percentage corresponded to the spontaneous resorption rate seen in CBA/J female X DBA/2 male matings. Similarly, 4% of the embryos from pregnant CD1 mice on days 8 and 12 of gestation produced a significant amount of nitrate, which again correlated with the low incidence of resorption observed in these mice. Using immunohistochemistry, the presence of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was detected at implantation sites. Furthermore, decidual cells positive for both iNOS and the macrophage marker Mac-1 were demonstrated in implantation sites by double immunostaining. This strongly suggests that decidual macrophages could be the cellular source of NO production. Aminoguanidine, a selective inhibitor of the iNOS, inhibited the in vitro production of nitric oxide by cells isolated from individual implantation sites, and more strikingly, significantly reduced early embryo losses in CBA/J females mated by DBA/2 males when given orally or parenterally to the gravid females starting on day 6 of gestation. In addition, aminoguanidine-treated pregnant mice showed a significant increase in average litter size when the pregnancies were allowed to proceed to term.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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