PubMed · 12233721
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2002. Does your blood need a boost?. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12233721/
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OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence and causes of maternal mortality as well as its temporal distribution over the last decade (1990-1999). STUDY DESIGN: All maternal deaths recorded within the study period in the State of Kano, Northern Nigeria, were analyzed. Maternal mortality ratios (MMR) were computed using the Poisson assumption to derive confidence intervals around the estimates. A non-linear regression model was fitted to obtain the best temporal trajectory for MMR across the decade of study. RESULTS: A total of 4154 maternal deaths occurred among 171,621 deliveries, yielding an MMR of 2420 deaths per 100,000. Eclampsia, ruptured uterus and anemia were responsible for about 50% of maternal deaths. CONCLUSION: We found one of the highest maternal mortality ratios in the world. Maternal mortality could be reduced by half at study site with effective interventions targeted to prevent deaths from eclampsia, ruptured uterus and anemia.
Signals provided by the erythropoieitin receptor (EpoR) are required for erythroid development beyond the erythroid colony-forming unit (CFU-e) stage and are propagated via the EpoR-tethered Janus kinase, JAK2. JAK2 functions, in part, to phosphorylate 8 conserved EpoR phosphotyrosine (PY) sites for the binding of a diverse set of signaling factors. However, recent studies in transgenic and knock-in mice have demonstrated substantial bioactivity for PY-null EpoR forms. Presently, the activities of a PY-null EpoR-HM form in primary progenitor cells from knock-in mice were further assessed using optimized Epo dose-dependent proliferation, survival, and differentiation assays. As compared with the wild-type (wt)-EpoR, EpoR-HM activity was compromised several-fold in each context when Epo was limited to physiologic concentrations. Possible compensatory increases in serum growth factor levels also were investigated, and as assayed using embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived erythroid G1E2 cells, activities in serum from EpoR-HM mice were substantially elevated. In addition, when challenged with phenylhydrazine-induced anemia, EpoR-HM mice failed to respond with efficient splenic stress erythropoiesis. Thus, the function of this JAK2-coupled but minimal PY-null EpoR-HM form appears to be attenuated in several contexts and to be assisted in vivo by compensatory mechanisms. Roles normally played by EpoR PY sites and distal domains therefore should receive continued attention.
The pathophysiology of impaired hemodynamic and nonhemodynamic responses to anemia in patients with coronary artery disease is discussed. In animals, experimentally induced coronary artery disease significantly inhibits the hemodynamic response to surgical blood loss; anecdotal evidence in humans corroborates these findings. Erythropoietic response to surgical blood loss may also be blunted in patients with coronary artery disease. Regardless of whether anemia is the result of a preexisting condition or surgical blood loss, its presence worsens outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease who undergo cardiac surgery. The combination of coronary artery disease and anemia has resulted in acute myocardial infarction as well. Finally, anemia after noncardiac surgery is associated with an increased risk of myocardial ischemia, potentially creating a cycle in which blood loss and myocardial ischemia exacerbate each other. Oral iron replacement therapy after elective cardiac surgery increases adverse events without significantly improving hematocrit and hemoglobin levels or iron stores. Allogeneic blood transfusions are less than ideal, and autologous blood transfusion with erythropoietin administration is only possible before elective procedures. New procedures and medications have reduced the blood loss associated with percutaneous coronary intervention, and minimization of blood loss during percutaneous coronary intervention has potentially major clinical and economic implications.