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PubMed · 12696272

Malabsorption syndromes.

Abstract

Malabsorption syndromes are divided according to the underlying cause: maldigestion; bacterial contamination; mucosal abnormalities. One of the main causes of maldigestion are surgical resections. Malabsorption from bacterial contamination is due to a lower effectiveness of one or more of the factors that normally inhibit the growth of pathogens. The most common malabsorption syndrome from mucosal abnormalities is celiac disease for which, with small bowel enteroclysis a specific radiographic pattern has been identified. The gold standard in the diagnosis of diseases associated to malabsorption is represented by mucosal biopsy and histology though some patterns are similar and create difficulties in the differential diagnosis. Among radiologic examinations, small bowel enteroclysis is highly predictive; hopefully, novel diagnostic methods will support radiology.

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BibTeXRIS

Giuseppe Salerno, Antonio De Franco, Salvatore La Rosa, Vincenzo Calistro. Malabsorption syndromes.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12696272/

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Activation of the fatty acid alpha-dioxygenase pathway during bacterial infection of tobacco leaves. Formation of oxylipins protecting against cell death.

A pathogen-induced oxygenase showing homology to prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases-1 and -2 was recently characterized by in vitro experiments as a fatty acid alpha-dioxygenase catalyzing formation of unstable 2(R)-hydroperoxy fatty acids. To study the activity of this enzyme under in vivo conditions and to elucidate the fate of enzymatically produced 2-hydroperoxides, leaves of tobacco were analyzed for the presence of alpha-dioxygenase-generated compounds as well as for lipoxygenase (LOX) products and free fatty acids. Low basal levels of 2-hydroxylinolenic acid (0.4 nmol/g leaves fresh weight) and 8,11,14-heptadecatrienoic acid (0.1 nmol/g) could be demonstrated. These levels increased strongly upon infection with the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae (548 and 47 nmol/g, respectively). Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing alpha-dioxygenase were developed, and incompatible infection of such plants led to a dramatic elevation of 2-hydroxylinolenic acid (1778 nmol/g) and 8,11,14-heptadecatrienoic acid (86 nmol/g), whereas the levels of LOX products were strongly decreased. Further analysis of oxylipins in infected leaves revealed the presence of a number of 2-hydroxy fatty acids differing with respect to chain length and degree of unsaturation as well as two new doubly oxygenated oxylipins identified as 2(R),9(S)-dihydroxy-10(E),12(Z),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid and 2(R),9(S)-dihydroxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid. alpha-Dioxygenase-generated 2-hydroxylinolenic acid, and to a lesser extent lipoxygenase-generated 9-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid, exerted a tissue-protective effect in bacterially infected tobacco leaves.

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