PubMed · 12940387
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S Sridhar, Atanu Kumar Jana, Mary Kurien, K S Bendon, Niranjan Thomas. 2003. Saccular cyst.. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02723169
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Equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is thought to result from an aberrant immune response to inhaled antigens, modulated by T lymphocytes via the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However data relating to the phenotypes of the T lymphocytes present in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of RAO horses and their cytokine profiles are contradictory. The aim of this study was to further investigate the cytokine (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and INF-gamma) mRNA expression profile in peripheral blood lymphocytes and bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes from RAO and control horses, before and at 48 h after horses were exposed to hay/straw. In contrast to previous studies, cytokine expression was quantified in populations of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes which were purified using magnetic bead antibody cell separation. Hay/straw exposure induced clinical airway obstruction, airway neutrophilia and airway lymphocytosis in RAO horses, and, induced a mild, but significant, airway neutrophilia in controls. However, hay/straw exposure had no significant effect on peripheral blood lymphocyte or bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocyte cytokine expression in either group. In conclusion, RAO was not associated with alterations in lymphocyte cytokine expression that are consistent with Th1 or Th2 responses, but rather with a general down-regulation in expression of the measured cytokines in peripheral blood lymphocytes and bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes.
OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the efficacy of noninvasive continuous positive pressure (CPAP) ventilation in infants with severe upper airway obstruction and compared CPAP to bilevel positive airway pressure (BIPAP) ventilation. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective, randomized, controlled study in the pulmonary pediatric department of a university hospital. PATIENTS: Ten infants (median age 9.5 months, range 3-18) with laryngomalacia (n=5), tracheomalacia (n=3), tracheal hypoplasia (n=1), and Pierre Robin syndrome (n=1). INTERVENTIONS: Breathing pattern and respiratory effort were measured by esophageal and transdiaphragmatic pressure monitoring during spontaneous breathing, with or without CPAP and BIPAP ventilation. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Median respiratory rate decreased from 45 breaths/min (range 24-84) during spontaneous breathing to 29 (range 18-60) during CPAP ventilation. All indices of respiratory effort decreased significantly during CPAP ventilation compared to unassisted spontaneous breathing (median, range): esophageal pressure swing from 28 to 10 cmH(2)O (13-76 to 7-28), esophageal pressure time product from 695 to 143 cmH(2)O/s per minute (264-1417 to 98-469), diaphragmatic pressure time product from 845 to 195 cmH(2)O/s per minute (264-1417 to 159-1183) During BIPAP ventilation a similar decrease in respiratory effort was observed but with patient-ventilator asynchrony in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: This short-term study shows that noninvasive CPAP and BIPAP ventilation are associated with a significant and comparable decrease in respiratory effort in infants with upper airway obstruction. However, BIPAP ventilation was associated with patient-ventilator asynchrony.
One of the consequences of chronic resistive airway loading in rats is malfunction in body weight gain post-surgery. The lower body weight of the obstructed animals was not related to lower caloric intake or to the oxygen consumption/food intake ratio. In the current study, we determined whether the retardation in body weight gain was related to impairment of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) level or due to activation of inflammatory factors 21 weeks post-surgery. During the observation period, the airway-loaded animals (n=8) gained 44% less body weight (P<0.001) compared with controls (n=8) with no apparent effect on skeletal growth, i.e., body, tail and tibia length. Chronic airway-loaded animals had 32.5% lower serum IGF-1 levels (P<0.001) compared to the controls. Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were below 30 pg/ml in both groups. These data suggest that the weight loss in the chronic airway-loading rats is associated with a decreased IGF-1 level and not to activation of the inflammatory response.