PubMed · 13046286
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A STRATA. [Lumbar arthrectomy].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13046286/
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Chronic monotone back pain is no pressing indication for radiographic procedures, but chronic progressive or symptomatic back pain should be investigated by radiographic means. Beneath conventional radiology and computed tomography (CT) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a more method of standard in these cases. The radiographic investigation of back pain is shown in cases of discal and vertebral degeneration and spondylitis. Typical signs and differential diagnosis are demonstrated. After demonstration of radiological means. After introduction and valuation of radiological means, as conventional radiography, CT, MRI, myelography and scintigraphy, it is entered into degenerative changes and degenerative diseases of vertebra endplates and vertebra bodies as a reason of pain. Reasons of spinal stenosis are discussed. In case of inflammatory changes, bacterial inflammation of vertebrae and intervertebral joints are represented. Changes of spondylodiscitis/spondylitis are opposed to inflammatory changes of Morbus Bechterew and Morbus Scheuermann.
BACKGROUND: Pain therapy is not an obligatory subject of undergraduate medical education in Germany. METHODS: In order to evaluate the expectations of undergraduate medical students regarding pain therapy as a lecture, a questionnaire was distributed to students visiting a faculty lecture on pain therapy. RESULTS: The main topics voted by the students as very interesting to them were pain syndromes such as low back pain, headache, and cancer pain. Furthermore, pharmacotherapy and the structure of pain therapy units were voted as interesting. Female students were significantly more interested in pain problems of specific patient groups (women, children, older patients, HIV-infected patients). Case reports on paper or with patient presentations were regarded as the most important didactic elements of such lectures. CONCLUSIONS: An analysis of the published undergraduate curricula in pain therapy revealed that the curriculum of the IASP and of the EFIC are too long and too theoretical, respectively. The curriculum of the DGSS meets many expectations of the students in this survey. Concepts of pain therapy education in undergraduate medical schools should consider the wishes of students regarding knowledge of pain syndromes and didactic methods.
BACKGROUND: Modeling latent variables such as physical disability is challenging since its measurement is performed through proxies. This poses significant methodological challenges. The objective of this article is to present three different methods to predict latent variables based on classical summed scores, individual item responses, and latent variable models. METHODS: This is a review of the literature and data analysis using "layers of information". Data was collected from the North Carolina Back Pain Project, using a modified version of the Roland Questionnaire. RESULTS: The three models are compared in relation to their goals and underlying concepts, previous clinical applications, data requirements, statistical theory, and practical applications. Initial linear regression models demonstrated a difference in disability between genders of 1.32 points (95% CI 0.65, 2.00) on a scale from 0-23. Subsequent item analysis found contradictory results across items, with no clear pattern. Finally, IRT models demonstrated three items were demonstrated to present differential item functioning. After these items were removed, the difference between genders was reduced to 0.78 points (95% CI, -0.99, 1.23). These results were shown to be robust with re-sampling methods. CONCLUSIONS: Purported differences in the levels of a latent variable should be tested using different models to verify whether these differences are real or simply distorted by model assumptions.