PubMed · 13190473
The source did not provide an abstract. Follow the original record for more information.
Explore connections, maps & timelines
D O HEBB, E S HEATH, E A STUART. 1954. Experimental deafness.. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0083605
Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.
KEEP EXPLORING
Genetic variation in behavioral traits allows organisms to respond and adapt to environmental challenges. Genetic variation in behavior is often affected by many genes and thus has a complex genetic basis. Inversions, the reorientation of genes along the chromosome, tightly link genetic variants together because they suppress recombination. Therefore, inversions are believed to have a major impact on phenotypic variation because they combine the effects of multiple genes, which can pleiotropically alter multiple aspects of behavior. This study investigates how the inversion In(2L)t, found in Drosophila melanogaster populations around the world, impacts different aspects of behavior in an environment-sensitive manner. We test the activity, foraging, and startle-induced behavior of flies with different In(2L)t genotypes across sex and temperatures. We observe that Drosophila homozygous for In(2L)t sleep less frequently, spend more time away from a food source, and have a longer duration of startle response. Additionally, the impacts of In(2L)t on aspects of behavior can be sex-specific and are largely consistent across temperatures. Taken together, our research demonstrates that inversions can regulate aspects of behavior, and suggests hypotheses explaining the distribution of In(2L)t across space and time.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Despite availability of reperfusion therapy for acute ischemic stroke, most patients remain ineligible mainly because of late hospital arrival. We hypothesized that perceptual, social, and behavioral factors affect delays in seeking help after symptom onset. METHODS: Patients presenting with stroke symptoms were interviewed about symptom experiences, interpretations, and reactions. Odds ratios (95% CI) for risk of delay >3 hours were estimated, and variables associated with increased risk and representing demographic, clinical, perceptual, social, and behavioral factors were included in an assessment of the effect of combined risk factors on delay. RESULTS: Among 209 patients (mean age 61.8+/-12 years, 69% men) the median time interval from symptom awareness to seeking help was 2 (0.5 to 9) hours and to hospital arrival, 4.2 (1.3 to 14.5) hours. On multivariate adjustment, perceiving symptoms as severe (odds ratio [OR]: 0.42; 0.17 to 0.95), advice from others to seek help (OR: 0.18; 0.05 to 0.63), and contacting an ambulance (OR: 0.26; 0.10 to 0.63) were associated with decreased risks of delay, whereas perceived control of symptoms (OR: 2.45; 1.08 to 5.71) increased risk of delay in seeking help. Risk of delay in hospital arrival was 3 times greater in women than in men. Increasing proportions of patients who delayed seeking help were observed with increasing numbers of combined risk factors, ranging from 17% to 94% for 0 to 1 and 6 to 7 factors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Perceptual, social, and behavioral factors contribute to delay in seeking medical care in acute ischemic stroke beyond demographic and clinical variables, and, when combined, further increase risk of delay. These findings may be important for designing programs to reduce delay.
Microlevel activity time series (MLATS) data were gathered on hand contact activities of 38 children (1-6 years old) by videotaping in primarily outdoor residential environments. The videotape recordings were then translated into text files using a specialized software called VirtualTimingDevicetrade mark. Contact frequency (contacts/h), duration per contact (s/contact), and hourly contact duration (min/h) were summarized for outdoor hand contacts with 15 distinct object/surface categories ("Animal", "Body", "Clothes/Towels", "Fabric", "Floor", "Food", "Footwear", "Metal", "Non-dietary Water", "Paper/Wrapper", "Plastic", "Rock/Brick", "Toys", "Vegetation/Grass", and "Wood") and two aggregate object/surface categories ("Non-dietary objects/surfaces" and "Total objects/surfaces"). For outdoor both hand contacts with "Total objects/surfaces", contact frequencies ranged from 229.9 to 1517.7 contacts/h, median durations/contact ranged from < 1 to 5 s, and hourly contact durations ranged from 42.6 to 102.2 m/h. The data were analyzed for significant differences in hand contact activities as a function of (1) age, (2) location, (3) gender, and (4) hand. Significant differences (P < or = 0.05) were found for all four factors analyzed. Hourly contact durations with "Non-dietary objects/surfaces" and "Total objects/surfaces" increased with age (P = 0.01, rs = 0.42 and P = 0.005, rs = 0.46, respectively), while contact frequencies and hourly contact durations with "Wood" decreased with age (P = 0.02, rs = -0.38 and P = 0.05, rs = -0.32, respectively). Location was found to affect contact frequencies and hourly contact durations with certain objects/surfaces. For example, contact frequencies and hourly contact durations with "Fabric" were higher indoors (P = 0.02 for both), while contact frequencies and hourly contact durations with "Vegetation/Grass" were higher outdoors (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04, respectively). Girls had longer hourly contact durations with "Footwear" (P = 0.02), "Non-dietary objects/surfaces" (P = 0.03), and "Total objects/surfaces" (P = 0.01) than boys. The right hand had longer hourly contact durations with objects that are often manipulated with the hand (e.g., "Toys" (P = 0.0002)), while the left hand had longer hourly contact durations with passively touched objects/surfaces (e.g., "Clothes/Towels" (P = 0.003) and "Floor" (P = 0.04)).