PubMed · 13200353
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K TORPISCH. 1954-08-15. [The bleeding breast].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13200353/
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It has been suggested that the extent of mitochondrial DNA mutations might be useful in the prognosis of cancer outcome and/or the response to certain therapies. In order to investigate whether a high incidence of mutations exists in mitochondrial DNA of breast cancer tissues, we screened three regions of the mitochondrial genome by PCR amplification followed by DNA sequence analysis. Laser capture microdissection was used to isolate pure populations of both tumor cells and normal cells from paraffin embedded specimens. DNA isolated from these cells was used to amplify hypervariable regions HV1 and HV2 and the D-loop region. We found a high rate of mutation in the cancer cell DNA but also found the mutation rate was high in the corresponding normal DNA as well. While no correlations to any clinical parameters could be drawn from this study, the variation from patient to patient suggests that clinical implications might be established on examination of a larger number of samples.
BACKGROUND: Increasing interest in the intraductal approach to the breast has necessitated revisiting the anatomy of the breast. METHODS: Using six different complementary in vivo and in vitro approaches, the authors determined the number, distribution, and anatomic properties of the ductal systems of the breast, which extend from the nipple orifices to the terminal duct lobular units. RESULTS: More than 90% of all nipples examined contained 5-9 ductal orifices, generally arranged as a central group and a peripheral group. Each nipple orifice communicated with a separate, nonanastomosing ductal system, which extended to the terminal duct lobular unit. CONCLUSIONS: Increased knowledge of the ductal anatomy of the breast and the ability to access the nipple ductal orifices will provide a foundation for the intraductal approach to the breast.
The origin of oestrogens at the level of the breast itself is discussed. In particular in postmenopausal women an accumulation of oestradiol at the site of breast tumours has been documented by a number of independent studies. The mechanism behind the high local oestrogens concentrations is thought to be the in situ production of these steroids by local processes with androstenedione as the main precursor. The presence of all enzymes required for this production has been demonstrated in a large proportion of breast tumours, with probably aromatase, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and sulfatase as the most important enzymes leading to the biologically highly active oestradiol. The individual enzymes that are relevant for the biosynthesis and the metabolism of oestrogens are discussed. The conclusion is reached that a number of these local processes may be involved in the promotion of premalignant lesions and in stimulation of growth of malignant tumours in the human breast.