PubMed · 13211502
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W VON DOBELN. 1954. A simple bicycle ergometer.. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1954.7.2.222
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Five modern bicycle helmets were studied to elucidate some of the variations in ventilation performance, using both a heated manikin headform and human subjects (n = 7). Wind speed and head angle were varied to test their influence on the measured steady-state heat exchange (cooling power) in the skull section of the headform. The cooling power transmitted by the helmets varied from about 60% to over 90% of that of the nude headform, illustrating the range of present manufacturer designs. Angling the head forward by 30 degrees was found to provide better cooling power to the skull (up to 25%) for three of the helmets and almost equal cooling power in the remaining two cases. Comparisons of skull ventilation at these angles with human subjects strongly supported the headform results.
Are the ethics of athletes complex? Consider that an elite bicyclist might inject himself with hormones to increase his exercise capacity,but if his opponent falls, then that same hormone-abusing athlete will likely stop until his opponent has regained control. This article reviews key concepts from the philosophy of sport. Using six cases from the sports archives, it presents a practical framework for interpreting and assessing the moral status of an athlete's behavior. This work enables readers to appreciate more clearly both the contextual subtleties and the robust relationship between ethics and the athlete.