PubMed · 13312138
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M NIMB. 1956-01-19. [Morphine poisoning].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13312138/
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According to the toxicity mechanism of the individual chemicals, the concentration addition toxicity mechanism is revealed for nonpolar-narcotic-chemical mixtures, polar-narcotic-chemical mixtures and reactive-chemical mixtures, respectively. For nonpolar-narcotic-chemical mixtures, the partitioning of individual chemicals from water to biophase was determined, and the result shows that their concentration additive effect results from no competitive partitioning among individual chemicals. For polar-narcotic-chemical mixtures, their toxicity are contributed by two factors (the total baseline toxicity and the hydrogen bond donor activity of individual chemicals), and it is the concentration additive effect for either of these two factors that leads to their concentration addition toxicity. In addition, the interactions between the reactive chemicals and the biological macromolecules are discussed thoroughly. The results suggest that the net effect of these interactions is zero, and it is this zero net effect that leads to the concentration addition toxicity mechanism for reactive-chemical mixtures.
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A large number of drugs may be responsible for the development of nail changes, including cancer chemotherapeutic agents and retinoids, however, only a few classes of drugs are consistently associated with nail symptoms. Drug-induced nail abnormalities result from toxicity to the matrix, the nail bed, the periungual tissues or the digit blood vessels. The most common symptoms include Beau's lines, onychomadesis, melanonychia, onycholysis and periungual pyogenic granulomas. Drug-induced nail changes usually involve several or all of the nails. In most cases, nail abnormalities are asymptomatic, but can sometimes cause pain and impair manual activities.