PubMed · 13325378
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W BICKERS. 1956. Menstrual irregularity.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13325378/
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Both obesity and the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are commonly seen in women of reproductive age. Fifty percent of all patients with PCOS are obese, and the presence of obesity affects the clinical manifestations of PCOS. The underlying pathogenetic mechanisms appear to involve insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, the magnitude of which is greater in obese than in non-obese women with PCOS. Specific effects of obesity on the manifestations of PCOS, underlying mechanisms of the interactions between obesity and PCOS, and therapeutic implications of these interactions are discussed in this article.
Endocrine disorders, in particular, thyroid disorders, are common in pregnancy. The endocrine adaptation to pregnancy, need for adequate iodine supplementation, and thyroxine replacement are presented. In addition, autoimmune diseases of the thyroid and pituitary that may occur subsequent to the immune changes of pregnancy and the postpartum period are discussed. A brief account of the presentation of other endocrine disorders (ie, pituitary,parathyroid, calcium, adrenal and gonadal disorders) also is given, along with their evaluation and management.