PubMed · 13375685
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P C BEAVER. 1956. Larva migrans.. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(56)90032-7
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This study seeks to understand the role played by social factors in the diffusion of parasitology to Puerto Rico, in particular those affecting the work of Bailey K. Ashford between 1898-1934. Most studies of Ashford to date focus mainly on the intellectual framework per se, and rarely on the surrounding social environment. In order to achieve this aim, Ashford's experiences were contrasted to those of Patrick Manson in Hong Kong and China between 1866 and 1889. By undertaking this comparative approach, it became clear that social factors more significantly affected the advancement on their respective investigations than intellectual ones. Manson simply did not have the political and financial support needed to develop his work, hence greatly delaying the establishment of a research institute in Hong Kong, or China for that matter. By contrast, Ashford achieved a great deal of popular and congressional support, thereby enabling him to establish a research institution early in the century. Relevant social factors included: cultural differences, their history of colonial relations and the local economy.
Two hookworm parasites, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale, infect approximately one billion people worldwide. These hookworms are one of the leading causes of iron-deficiency anaemia especially in children, resulting directly from intestinal capillary blood loss following the feeding activities of fourth-stage (L(4)) larva and adult worms. If ignored, human hookworm infections can retard growth and the intellectual development of children. Another clinical manifestation often associated with hookworm infections is cutaneous larva migrans (CLM). It is a well recognised, usually self-limiting condition caused by the infectious larvae of nematodes, especially Ancylostoma spp. CLM is characterised by skin eruption and represents a clinical description rather than a definitive diagnosis. Of the hookworm parasites, the dog and cat worm A. braziliense and A. caninum are the most common nematodes causing CLM, although many other species have also been implicated. The major subject of this review article will be discussion of the evolution of therapies and treatment of human necatoriasis and the development of experimental infections with N. americanus. Difference in the clinical efficacy of mebendazole and albendazole will be discussed along with drug resistance of N. americanus.
Anti-hookworm antibody serologic responses were measured in residents of an Anhui provincial Chinese village where Ancylostoma duodenale is the predominant hookworm. Antibody responses were measured against either soluble infective third-stage larval (L3) or adult antigens. Immunoglobulins of the IgG class, especially IgG4 correlated with both the prevalence and intensity of A. duodenale hookworm infections. In contrast, there was an inverse correlation with IgM, but no correlation with IgA or IgE. Circulating IgG4 antibody responses might serve as a surrogate marker for active A. duodenale hookworm infection.