PubMed · 13438722
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A W JOWDY, E A BRECHT. 1957. Insoluble solids as emulsifiers.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13438722/
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Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) stabilized by non-Newtonian conversion of the liquid membrane phase and dispersed in a Taylor-Couette flow was applied to treat model industrial wastewaters containing phenols and selected substituted phenols (hydroquinone, three chlorophenols and two nitrophenols) at relatively high concentrations. Under optimized operating conditions, all the compounds except hydroquinone were extracted with the maximum extraction efficiency of over 96% and the time to reach maximum extraction ranged from 2 to 30 min. For 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 2-nitrophenol, maximum extraction efficiency of over 99% was reached in less than 2 min of contact time. Extraction of these compounds from the mixture was also highly efficient. Factors that affected the overall extraction efficiency such as acid-base speciation of the target compounds and the affinity between the target compounds and the membrane phase were determined. This study suggested that the newly developed ELM process might provide a promising alternative technology to treat industrial wastewaters containing high concentrations of phenolic compounds.
OBJECTIVE: To prepare and determine the proportion of the components of lidocaine microemulsion. METHODS: Pseudoternary phase diagrams of the prepared lidocaine microemulsion with different Km (surfactant/cosurfactant) were generated to determine the optimal Km according to the size of the microemulsion area. The diameter and its distribution range, viscosity, electric conductivity and refractivity of lidocaine microemulsion drop was determined, and the appearance and system type of the microemulsion was observed using electron microscope. RESULTS; Maximum microemulsion area in the pseudoternary phase diagrams was obtained with the Km of 3, and the drop size of the microemulsion averaged 29.8+/-14.4 nm (with up to 98% of the drop size ranging between 15.1-45.5 nm and 2% between 77.9-261.3 nm). At 25 degrees C, the viscosity, electric conductivity and refractivity of the microemulsion was 25 mPa.S, 130 micros/cm and 1.473, respectively, and the lidocaine microemulsion was identified to belong to O/W type. The microemulsion drop appeared in spherical shape of heterogeneous sizes in a multi-disperse system. CONCLUSION: The optimal proportion of the components in lidocaine microemulsion can be obtained by analyzing pseudoternary phase diagrams, and the drop size, distribution, shape and system type can be determined or observed through Maerwen Zetasizer combined with electron microscopic observation.
Zein films plasticized with oleic acid were formed by solution casting, by the stretching of moldable resins, and by blown film extrusion. The effects of the forming process on film structure were investigated by X-ray diffraction. Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) patterns showed d-spacings at 4.5 and 10 A, which were attributed to the zein alpha-helix backbone and inter-helix packing, respectively. The 4.5 A d-spacing remained stable under processing while the 10 A d-spacing varied with processing treatment. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) detected a long-range periodicity for the formed films but not for unprocessed zein, which suggests that the forming process-promoted film structure development is possibly aided by oleic acid. The SAXS d-spacing varied among the samples (130-238 A) according to zein origin and film-forming method. X-ray scattering data suggest that the zein molecular structure resists processing but the zein supramolecular arrangements in the formed films are dependent on processing methods. Structural model for a zein molecular aggregate (based on Matsushima et al.10). Rectangular prisms of individual zein molecules are hexagonally aligned parallel to each other.