PubMed · 13442979
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O FRIESTAD. 1957-05-01. [A study on the divining rod with reference to muscular function].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13442979/
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Imaging of subcutaneous veins is important in many applications, such as gaining venous access and vascular surgery. Despite a long history of medical infrared (IR) photography and imaging, this technique is not widely used for this purpose. Here we revisited and explored the capability of near-IR imaging to visualize subcutaneous structures, with a focus on diagnostics of superficial veins. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: An IR device comprising a head-mounted IR LED array (880 nm), a small conventional CCD camera (Toshiba Ik-mui, Tokyo, Japan), virtual-reality optics, polarizers, filters, and diffusers was used in vivo to obtain images of different subcutaneous structures. The same device was used to estimate the IR image quality as a function of wavelength produced by a tunable xenon lamp-based monochrometer in the range of 500-1,000 nm and continuous-wave Nd:YAG (1.06 microm) and diode (805 nm) lasers. RESULTS: The various modes of optical illumination were compared in vivo. Contrast of the IR images in the reflectance mode was measured in the near-IR spectral range of 650-1,060 nm. Using the LED array, various IR images were obtained in vivo, including images of vein structure in a pigmented, fatty forearm, varicose leg veins, and vascular lesions of the tongue. CONCLUSION: Imaging in the near-IR range (880-930 nm) provides relatively good contrast of subcutaneous veins, underscoring its value for diagnosis. This technique has the potential for the diagnosis of varicose veins with a diameter of 0.5-2 mm at a depth of 1-3 mm, guidance of venous access, podiatry, phlebotomy, injection sclerotherapy, and control of laser interstitial therapy.
In a patient requiring tendon transfer after radial nerve palsy, the flexor carpi radialis, a bipennate muscle, was split longitudinally into 2 compartments along the length of the aponeurosis extending proximally from the distal tendon to provide independent finger and thumb extension. This case report shows that the 2 compartments of a bipennate muscle in the forearm may have separate innervation, allowing transfer for independent functions.
Skin cancer is common on the dorsum of the hand and forearm. The reconstructive challenges in this area are significant, and the options are myriad. Thus, the surgeon who takes on this challenge must know the various options. These options include the entire reconstructive ladder from direct closure all the way through to composite-free tissue transfer. Nail bed reconstruction should be mastered. In addition, the surgeon should be comfortable with all the reliable flaps, including the kite flap, the cross-finger flap, the reverse cross-finger flap, the rotation-advancement flaps, transposition flaps, and the radial forearm flap.