PubMed · 13462736
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W J HAMMACK. 1957-09-07. Solox intoxication.. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1957.02980190026006
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A catalyst-free biodiesel production method with supercritical methanol has been developed that allows a simple process and high yield because of simultaneous transesterification of triglycerides and methyl esterification of fatty acids. From these lines of evidence, we expected that similar results would be attained with the use of various alcohols by the supercritical treatment. However, it still remains unclear which type of reaction, transesterification or alkyl esterification, is faster. This parameter would be important in designing the optimum reaction conditions of the supercritical alcohol method. Therefore, we studied the effect of transesterification of triglycerides and esterification of fatty acids in rapeseed oil. Reaction temperature was set at 300 degrees C, and methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol or 1-octanol was used as the reactant. The results showed that transesterification of triglycerides (rapeseed oil) was slower in reaction rates than alkyl esterification of fatty acids for any of the alcohols employed. Furthermore, saturated fatty acids such as palmitic and stearic acids had slightly lower reactivity than that of the unsaturated fatty acids; oleic, linoleic and linolenic.
To prepare 10-trifluoromethyl analogues of important antimalarials such as artemether and artesunate, the substitution reaction of the 10-trifluoromethyl hemiketal 6 and bromide 4 derived from artemisinin was investigated. While 6 appeared to be unreactive under various conditions, bromide 4 could easily undergo substitution with methanol under electrophilic assistance or noncatalyzed conditions. Optimization of the reaction revealed the role of CH(2)Cl(2) as solvent to avoid the competitive elimination process and the crucial influence of hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) in increasing the rate and the stereoselectivity of the substitution reaction (de >98%). The efficiency of this reaction was exemplified with various alcohols and carboxylates (yield up to 89%).
Dimethylthiocarbamates (DMTCs), prepared from the corresponding alcohols using commercial dimethylthiocarbamoyl chloride, are spectrally simple, achiral, and nonpolar. DMTCs are moderately to highly stable to a wide range of reagents and conditions including metal hydrides, hydroboration, ylides, NaOH, HCl, organolithiums, Grignards, DDQ, PCC, Swern, n-Bu(4)NF, CrCl(2), heat, and Lewis acids. They are readily removed by NaIO(4) or H(2)O(2) in the presence of other common alcohol protecting groups. [structure: see text]