PubMed · 13676213
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J MATHIEU. 1959. [The magnesium].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13676213/
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Tertiary folding of the hammerhead ribozyme has been analyzed by hydroxyl radical footprinting. Three hammerhead constructs with distinct noncore sequences, connectivities, and catalytic properties show identical protection patterns, in which conserved core residues (G5, A6, U7, G8, and A9) and the cleavage site (C17, G1.1, and U1.2) become reproducibly protected from nucleolytic attack by radicals. Metal ion titrations show that all protections appear together, suggesting a single folding event to a common tertiary structure, rather than an ensemble of different folds. The apparent binding constants for folding and catalysis by Mg(2+) are lower than those for Li(+) by 3 orders of magnitude, but in each case the protected sites are identical. For both Mg(2+) and Li(+), the ribozyme folds into the protected tertiary structure at significantly lower cation concentrations than those required for cleavage. The sites of protection include all of the sites of reduced solvent accessibility calculated from two different crystal structures, including both core and noncore nucleotides. In addition, experimentally observed protected sites include additional sequences adjacent to those predicted by the crystal structures, suggesting that the solution structure may be folded into a more compact shape. A 2'-deoxy substitution at G5 abolishes all protection, indicating that the 2'-OH is essential for folding. Together, these results support a model in which low concentrations of metal ions fold the ribozyme into a stable ground state tertiary structure that is similar to the crystallographic structures, and higher concentrations of metal ions support a transient conformational change into the transition state for catalysis. These data do not themselves address the issue as to whether a large- or small-scale conformational change is required for catalysis.
Aqueous extracts of birch leaves ( folium Betulae), peppermint leaves ( folium Menthae), sage leaves ( folium Salviae), valerian roots ( radix Valerianae), and dandelion roots ( radix Taraxaci) are analysed for the three essential elements magnesium, manganese and zinc. Ultrafiltration reveals that 60-100% of these metals are present as low molecular weight species (<5000 Da). Further characterisation of the low molecular weight fraction is done by using size exclusion chromatography and different detectors, namely element specific AAS detection, diode array UV-VIS detection and electrochemical detection. The similarities and differences of the plant extracts are well reflected by the respective chromatograms, and typical plant constituents can be identified by their spectral and electrochemical properties (e.g. flavonoids in Betula). Mg and Mn species are selectively detected by AAS in closely neighbouring chromatographic regions for all five samples. However, there are significant differences between the samples investigated. In all cases a good correlation exists between detection of these metals (Mg, Mn) and pulsed amperometric detection (PAD), which is selective for carbohydrates. The respective molecular weight of carbohydrate species is in the range of approximately 300-600 Da. The distribution of zinc species (detectable only in the Betula extract) is totally different from that of Mg and Mn species. For zinc, many more species are detected, and there is no correlation to carbohydrates; instead (poly)phenols are involved in zinc complexation.
A range of 3,5-diarylated and 3,4,5-triarylated 2-(4-methoxybenzyl)pyrazole 1-oxides have been prepared by regioselective deprotonation at C-5 or bromine-magnesium exchange at C-3 or C-4 followed by transmetalation with ZnCl(2) and palladium(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling. Furthermore, the metalated pyrazole 1-oxides could be trapped with electrophiles. The sequential metalation/functionalization of the pyrazole 1-oxides may follow the order C-5, C-3, C-4, or alternatively the order C-3, C-5, C-4. The 4-methoxybenzyl group of the functionalized 2-(4-methoxybenzyl)pyrazole 1-oxides could be removed by treatment with TFA and i-Pr(3)SiH in CH(2)Cl(2), providing the corresponding functionalized 1-hydroxypyrazoles.