PubMed · 13709741
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J GULYAS, T JAKAB. 1960. [Experiences with fluothane].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13709741/
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Repetitive electroejaculation is probably extremely stressful in conscious animals and could adversely affect fertility. The present study was designed to (a) evaluate the effects of anesthesia (40 mg ketamine/kg body weight, i.m.) on a method of electroejaculation used previously in conscious chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera), and (b) determine the quality of the electroejaculated semen obtained under anesthesia. In Experiment 1 (8 animals), a 4 x 4 Latin square design was used to study the effects of anesthesia and ejaculatory voltage on semen collection, ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, motility, viability, response to the hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST), and acrosomal status. In Experiment 2 (12 animals), the effects of differing voltages and the number of stimuli on ejaculation by conscious or anesthetized males was determined. In both experiments, all the conscious animals ejaculated, but only 60% ejaculated under anesthesia and they required more stimuli and higher voltages to achieve ejaculation. Ejaculate volume was significantly lower in anesthetized (<5 microl) than in conscious animals (>40 microl), but sperm concentration was unaffected. None of the indices of sperm quality were affected by anesthesia. The techniques we have developed in anesthetized domestic chinchillas should be applicable to endangered chinchillas in the wild, and though the number of sperm available is reduced, there are still sufficient for assisted reproduction.
GABAergic interneurons are highly diverse and operate with a corresponding diversity of GABA(A) receptor subtypes in controlling behaviour. In this article, we review the significance of GABA(A) receptor heterogeneity for neural circuit development and central nervous system pharmacology. GABA(A) receptor subtypes were identified as selective targets for behavioural actions of benzodiazepines and of selected intravenous anesthetic agents using point mutations which render a specific receptor subtype insensitive to the action of the respective drugs and also by novel subtype-selective ligands. The pharmacological separation of anxiolysis and sedation guides the development of novel anxiolytics, while inverse agonism at extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors involved in learning and memory is currently being evaluated as a novel therapeutic principle for symptomatic memory enhancement.
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of surgery and anesthesia on in vivo CYP3A activity and portal venous blood flow. Midazolam, a CYP3A probe for both rats and humans, was administered orally (2.7 mg), intravenously (0.57 mg), or via the portal vein (0.57 mg) to rats 4 h after anesthesia with ketamine/xylazine and surgery for placement of indwelling vascular and duodenal catheters and 3 days after surgery (chronic). The systemic clearance of midazolam was 51 +/- 4 ml/min/kg in the chronic animals, and this was significantly decreased (29 +/- 1 ml/min/kg, P = 0.024) in acute rats studied 4 to 6 h after anesthesia and surgery. The hepatic availability (FH), directly determined from the aortic and hepatic venous concentration gradient, was significantly higher in the acute animals (0.57 +/- 0.05) compared with the chronic animals (0.33 +/- 0.07, P = 0.001). Hepatic availability was determined using a classical approach in which FH was calculated from the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve ratio after portal venous or intravenous administration. FH was higher in the acute rats (0.48) compared with the chronic animals (0.27 +/- 0.03). Portal venous blood flow was significantly lower in the acute animals (5.0 +/- 0.4 ml/min/100 g body weight) compared with the chronic animals (9.1 +/- 0.9 ml/min/100 g body weight, P = 0.015). The effect of surgery and anesthesia was confirmed using the indicator dye dilution method after infusion of [14C]polyethylene glycol 4000 into the superior mesenteric artery. Our data suggest that anesthesia and surgery decreases both hepatic CYP3A activity and hepatic blood flow in rats. Studies performed in rats within 3 days of surgery and anesthesia are conducted under nonphysiologic conditions and therefore provide inaccurate assessment of drug disposition, in particular, clearance and bioavailability.