PubMed · 13715137
The source did not provide an abstract. Follow the original record for more information.
Explore connections, maps & timelines
E J HOGAN. 1960. Basic principles for precautionary labeling.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13715137/
Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.
KEEP EXPLORING
BACKGROUND: Medical surveillance of workers in the lead industry is under the statutory control of the Control of Lead at Work Act (CLAW). Over the years the CLAW regulations have been updated with a reduction in the suspension concentration for blood lead and the introduction of an action limit. As a result of these changes, an audit of blood lead measurement together with an evaluation of haemoglobin and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) measurements, also requested as part of surveillance, is required. METHODS: Results of measurements for blood lead, ZPP and haemoglobin in lead-exposed workers in 58 industries within the UK were collected over a 2-year period. RESULTS: For male workers, 8.8% of blood lead results [range 1-88 microg/dL (0.05-4.25 micromol/L), median 29 microg/dL (1.4 micromol/L), n = 3010] were above the action limit and 5.6% above the suspension limit set by CLAW. For female workers, 1.9% of blood lead results [range 1-74 micro g/dL (0.05-3.58 micromol/L), median 7 microg/dL (0.34 micromol/L), n = 161] were above the action limit. No significant correlation was found between blood lead and haemoglobin in the male workers (rs =-0.04, P = 0.024) and only a slight negative correlation for the female workers (rs =-0.25, P = 0.0016). ZPP showed an exponential relationship with blood lead in the male workers with a wide scatter of results. CONCLUSION: Haemoglobin and ZPP offer little towards the assessment of lead exposure in industrial workers. Blood lead in accordance with the CLAW regulations still offers the most appropriate means of industrial monitoring.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Life without chemicals would be inconceivable, but the potential risks and impacts to the environment associated with chemical production and chemical products are viewed critically. Eco-efficiency analysis considers the economic and life cycle environmental effects of a product or process, giving these equal weighting. The major elements of the environmental assessment include primary energy use, raw materials utilization, emissions to all media, toxicity, safety risk, and land use. The relevance of each environmental category and also for the economic versus the environmental impacts is evaluated using national emissions and economic data. The eco-efficiency analysis method of BASF is briefly presented, and results from three applications to chemical processes and products are summarized. Through these applications, the eco-efficiency analyses mostly confirm the 12 Principles listed in Anastas and Zimmerman (Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37(5), 94A), with the exception that, in one application, production systems based on bio-based feedstocks were not the most eco-efficient as compared to those based on fossil resources. Over 180 eco-efficiency analyses have been conducted at BASF, and their results have been used to support strategic decision-making, marketing, research and development, and communication with external parties. Eco-efficiency analysis, as one important strategy and success factor in sustainable development, will continue to be a very strong operational tool at BASF.