PubMed · 13740349
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W A REGAN. 1961. Construction lawsuits.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13740349/
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WATCHING A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT mature from concept to culmination is a journey of both professional and personal growth. EFFECTIVE PLANNING and communication are essential for a project to be successful. SUCCESSES AND FAILURES provide learning experiences.
A renewed interest in hospital design in the UK, prompted by the Private Finance Initiative, provides an opportunity to consider hospitals as 'therapeutic environments'. Noting that the therapeutic value of hospitals is related to their physical, social and symbolic design, this paper argues that 'expert' knowledges have encouraged the development of hospitals that all-too-rarely provide benign settings for promoting patient recovery and healing. The recent programme of hospital building in the UK, however, has been accompanied by a vigorous debate over what constitutes good hospital design, with four significant ideas emerging: hospitals should be clinically efficient, be integrated within the community, be accessible to consumers and the public, and encourage patient and staff well-being. Suggesting that all four goals demand careful consideration of the real and imagined spatiality of hospital environments, the paper concludes by suggesting ways that health geographers can contribute to debates surrounding PFI hospital design.
An important part of determining the radiation protection requirements during X-ray room design is the calculation of the amount of scatter inside and outside the planned locations of the shielding barriers. In this work, a Monte Carlo code has been developed to calculate the percentage scatter so that the current data can be consolidated and new data can be provided as required. Calculations have been compared with measurements to show that they are representative of scatter found in X-ray rooms. Scatter from the dose-area product meter and the collimator system were found to provide large contributions to the measured scatter. A fluoroscopy room containing a C-arm X-ray set was modelled with the Monte Carlo code. The scatter dose was calculated at an X-ray room entrance behind the protective screen, acting as a secondary barrier, at the radiographer's console. The variation of scatter with the position of the protective screen was studied. An empirical calculation, which provided reasonable agreement with the Monte Carlo calculations, was found by using new data for the variation of scatter from concrete with field size. If a door was placed in the X-ray room entrance behind the protective screen, the results showed that it would not need to be lead lined.