PubMed · 13751439
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H KARCHER. 1960. [Fat embolism].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13751439/
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Measurements of the relative Doppler power scattered by an embolus and the surrounding blood are widely used to infer the composition of the embolus. For a given embolus, measured embolus-to-blood ratio (MEBR) is affected by the Doppler sample volume shape, the geometrical relationship between the sample volume and the vessel, and the embolus trajectory through the blood vessel. The likely magnitudes of such effects were quantified using a model that allowed calculation of theoretical values of MEBR as a function of the geometrical relationship between a blood vessel and a defined sample volume. Overall, the effects of embolus trajectory, likely insonation angles, and plausible vessel misalignments introduced uncertainties in MEBR values of approximately 10 to 12 dB for a given vessel size. In practice, the only operator-controlled factors are the position and orientation of the transcranial Doppler probe on the patients' heads. Probe positioning can significantly affect MEBR and suboptimal positioning may result in the reduced detection of emboli.
The most important complications of endocarditis are congestive heart failure, paravalvular abscess formation, and embolism, especially stroke. In addition, endocarditis may be complicated by septic arthritis, vertebral osteomyelitis, pericarditis, metastatic abscesses and an array of renal problems ranging from immune-complex glomerulonephritis to renal abscesses. Adverse reactions associated with medical treatment of endocarditis can also result in significant complications such as ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, skin rashes, and serum sickness. This review focuses on the cardiac, embolic, neurologic and renal complications of endocarditis and discusses how these complications influence the clinical management of individual cases in daily practice.
Pulmonary embolism is the primary cause of acute respiratory decompensation during pregnancy. Regardless of the nature of the embolism, a high index of suspicion, early diagnosis, and aggressive resuscitation need to be instituted to achieve a successful maternal and fetal outcome. Several clinical characteristics will assist practitioners to distinguish among the different forms of embolism and to institute specific measures of treatment.