PubMed · 13860348
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M Alexander, R S Zeigen, I Emanuel. 1961. Anthropometric data presented in three-dimensional forms.. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330190205
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Bones in the axial and appendicular skeletons exhibit heterogeneous growth patterns between different ethnic and sex groups. However, the influence of this differential growth on the expression of bone mineral content is not yet established. The aims of the present study were to investigate: 1) whether there are ethnic and sex differences in axial and appendicular dimensions of South African children; and 2) whether regional segment length is a better predictor of bone mass than stature. Anthropometric measurements of stature, weight, sitting height, and limb lengths were taken on 368 black and white, male and female 9-year-old children. DXA (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) scans of the distal ulna, distal radius, and hip and lumbar spine were also obtained. Analyses of covariance were performed to assess differences in limb lengths, adjusted for differences in stature. Multiple regression analyses were used to assess significant predictors of site-specific bone mass. Stature-adjusted means of limb lengths show that black boys have longer legs and humeri but shorter trunks than white boys. In addition, black children have longer forearms than white children, and girls have longer thighs than boys. The regression analysis demonstrated that site-specific bone mass was more strongly associated with regional segment length than stature, but this had little effect on the overall pattern of ethnic and sex differences. In conclusion, there is a differential effect of ethnicity and sex on the growth of the axial and appendicular skeletons, and regional segment length is a better predictor of site-specific bone mass than stature.
Obesity is an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease frequently associated with hypertension, dyslipemia, diabetes, and insulin resistance. Higher homocysteine (Hcy) levels are observed in the hyperinsulinemic obese adults and suggest that Hcy could play a role in the higher risk of cardiovascular disease in obesity. We analyzed total Hcy levels in obese prepubertal children and their possible association with both metabolic syndrome and various inflammatory biomarkers and leptin. We studied 43 obese children (aged 6-9 years) and an equal number of nonobese children, paired by age and sex. The obese subjects presented significantly elevated values for insulin (P = .003), C-reactive protein (P = .033), and leptin (P < .001). No significant differences were found in Hcy levels between the obese and nonobese children. However, Hcy concentration was significantly higher in the hyperinsulinemic obese children than in the normoinsulinemic group (P = .002). Using multivariant regression analysis, in the obese group, corrected for age and sex, the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (P partial = .001) and leptin (P partial = .02) are independent predictive factors for Hcy. In the control group, corrected for age and sex, the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (P partial = .005) and leptin (P partial = .031) also are independent predictive factor for Hcy. Increased plasma Hcy, particularly in hyperinsulinemic obese children, may be causally involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and/or cardiovascular disease, both of which are common in obesity.
OBJECTIVE: To explore risk factors modification, as well as barriers and facilitators for behavioral change in Mexican type 2 diabetics and their families. METHODS: Risk assessment and impact evaluation included measurements on anthropometrics, diet, physical activity, nutrition knowledge, and HbA(1c.) The intervention included discussion groups and promoted behavioral change on dietary risk, physical exercise, and basic diabetic knowledge of 48 urban diabetic patients and 38 relatives. The educational method consisted of cognitive reframing and situational problem solving during five meetings over an 8-month period. RESULTS: Diabetics were older and less educated than their participating relatives (55.8+/-11 and 34.7+/-13.7 years old, and 4.5+/-3.4 and 7.8+/-3.7 years of schooling, respectively). Factors such as diet, degree of obesity, physical activity and HbA(1c), reflected that 92% of diabetic patients and 83% of their relatives were at high health risk. After the intervention, nutritional knowledge and diet-health awareness increased (p=.013 and .001 respectively); however, no significant health-risks reduction was observed. DISCUSSION: Focus group analysis suggested that lack of support from family and health services, low income, neighborhood insecurity and misleading "popular knowledge" and advice are key barriers to behavioral change. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The study supports the understanding of constrains to health promotion campaigns and better health provider-patient interactions in Mexican population. Additionally, the study contributes to the general knowledge of ethnic socio-cultural environment influences over health care issues, primarily to diet modifications.