PubMed · 13945522
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J L FLETCHER. 1963-05-10. Middle ear function seminar.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13945522/
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Conventional acoustic hearing aids are limited in their performance. Due to physical laws their amplification of sound is limited to within 5 kHz. However, the frequencies between 5 and 10 kHz are essential for understanding consonants. Words can only be understood correctly if their consonants can be understood. Furthermore noise amplification remains a problem with hearing aids. Other problems consist of recurrent infections of the external auditory canal, intolerance for occlusion of the ear canal, feedback noise, and resonances in speech or singing. Implantable middle ear hearing aids like the Soundbridge of Symphonix-Siemens and the MET of Otologics offer improved amplification and a more natural sound. Since the first implantation of a Soundbridge in Switzerland in 1996 almost one thousand patients have been implanted worldwide. The currents systems are semi-implantable. The external audio processor containing the microphone, computer chip, battery and radio system is worn in the hair bearing area behind the ear. Implantation is only considered after unsuccessful fitting of conventional hearing aids. In Switzerland the cost for these implantable hearing aids is covered by social insurances. Initially the cost for an implant is higher than for hearing aids. However, hearing aids need replacement every 5 or 6 years whereas implants will last 20 to 30 years. Due to the superior sound quality and the improved understanding of speech in noise, the number of patients with implantable hearing aids will certainly increase in the next years. Other middle ear implants are in clinical testing.
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A commercial rheometer (Bohlin CVO120) was used to mechanically test materials that approximate vocal-fold tissues. Application is to frequencies in the low audio range (20-150 Hz). Because commercial rheometers are not specifically designed for this frequency range, a primary problem is maintaining accuracy up to (and beyond) the mechanical resonance frequency of the rotating shaft assembly. A standard viscoelastic material (NIST SRM 2490) has been used to calibrate the rheometric system for an expanded frequency range. Mathematically predicted response curves are compared to measured response curves, and an error analysis is conducted to determine the accuracy to which the elastic modulus and the shear modulus can be determined in the 20-150-Hz region. Results indicate that the inertia of the rotating assembly and the gap between the plates need to be known (or determined empirically) to a high precision when the measurement frequency exceeds the resonant frequency. In addition, a phase correction is needed to account for the magnetic inertia (inductance) of the drag cup motor. Uncorrected, the measured phase can go below the theoretical limit of -pi. This can produce large errors in the viscous modulus near and above the resonance frequency. With appropriate inertia and phase corrections, +/- 10% accuracy can be obtained up to twice the resonance frequency.