PubMed · 13975499
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G J RUKSTINAT. 1963. Appendicitis. A clinical-pathological evaluation.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13975499/
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BACKGROUND: Treatment of childhood acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) in first remission, is still evolving. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in patients with a donor has been well established, but the role of autologous transplantation remains of interest, particularly in the light of some encouraging results in adults. PROCEDURE: Out of 81 pediatric patients with AML in first CR, 67 were biologically randomized for allogeneic (n = 31), autologous (n = 20), or peripheral stem cell transplant (n = 16) after completing consolidation treatment, with the remaining (n = 11) dropping out or receiving chemotherapy. Disease free survival (DFS) of these different groups were analyzed. RESULTS: Allogeneic transplantation is not superior to autologous and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) (DFS in 5 years is 61%, 50%, and 75%). The 5 years DFS in the autologous PBSCT group is significantly better than in the autologous BMT group (75% vs. 50%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In pediatric AML patients without a donor, autologous BMT or autologous PBSCT appears to be an effective treatment option with low transplant related mortality especially in less privileged countries where the chemotherapy only results are still low.
Cocaine is a potent stimulant drug, but its stimulant effects can be substantially modulated by environmental novelty versus familiarity. In this report, we varied exposures to a novel environment as a way to assess the impact of environmental familiarity versus novelty upon the locomotor activation induced by acute and chronic cocaine treatments. In experiment 1, the effects of 1 (PE1) versus 0 (PE0) pre-exposures to the test environment were compared for their impact upon the locomotor stimulant, central zone entry and grooming effects induced by an acute cocaine (10 mg/kg) treatment. In experiment 2, the effects of 10 (PE10) versus 0 (PE0) pre-exposures upon the cocaine effects were compared. Experiment 3 assessed the effects of nine cocaine treatments (10.0 mg/kg) initiated in a novel environment (PE0) versus familiar environment (PE10). In all experiments, cocaine had a potent locomotor stimulant effect in a novel environment, which was attenuated by environmental familiarity such that in PE10 groups, cocaine did not reliably induce an acute locomotor stimulant effect. Environmental novelty/familiarity, however, did not reliably alter cocaine effects upon central zone penetration, grooming behavior, or the neurochemical effects induced by cocaine. In the chronic treatment regimen, the PE0 group exhibited a tolerance-like decrease in locomotor activation, but the PE10 group exhibited a sensitization-like increase in locomotor activation. Despite the marked directional changes in the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine treatments, initiated in a novel (PE0) versus familiar (PE10) environment, the same asymptotic levels of locomotor activation were achieved. In contrast, the behavioral measures of central zone activity progressively increased with repeated treatments regardless of whether the environment was initially novel (PE0) or familiar (PE10). Thus, habituation factors can profoundly alter the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine and can induce pseudo-tolerance phenomena. In contrast, central zone activity undergoes sensitization-like effects independent of habituation state and therefore appears to represent a more fundamental behavioral effect of cocaine. In that, central zone penetration in an open-field is linked to emotional processes; this finding is of substantial importance in understanding the effects of repeated cocaine usage.
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