PubMed · 13991826
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H SCHLEISSING, W SCHLEISSING. 1963-03-29. [Rhinolithiasis].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13991826/
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PURPOSE: As diagnosed by ultrasonography, testicular microlithiasis is associated with various benign and malignant conditions. The molecular constitution of these microliths is largely unknown. Raman spectroscopy provides detailed in situ information about the molecular composition of tissues and to our knowledge it has not been applied to gonadal microliths. We analyzed the molecular composition of gonadal microlithiasis and its surrounding region using Raman spectroscopy in malignant and benign conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multiple microliths from 6 independent samples diagnosed with gonadal microlithiasis by ultrasound and histologically confirmed were investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The samples included 4 testicular parenchyma samples adjacent to a germ cell tumor (4 seminomas), a gonadoblastoma of a dysgenetic gonad and testicular biopsy of a subfertile male without malignancy. RESULTS: Raman spectroscopic mapping demonstrated that testicular microliths were located within the seminiferous tubule. Glycogen surrounded all microliths in the samples associated with germ cell neoplasm but not in the benign case. The molecular composition of the 26 microliths in all 6 conditions was pure hydroxyapatite. CONCLUSIONS: Microliths in the testis are located in the seminiferous tubules and composed of hydroxyapatite. In cases of germ cell neoplasm they co-localize with glycogen deposits.
PURPOSE: Prostatic calculi are common but little is known of their effect on serum prostate specific antigen (PSA). We investigated whether prostatic calculi might influence serum PSA in men with clinically undetectable prostatic cancer or prostatitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between November 1999 and November 2001, 581 consecutive patients underwent serum PSA determination and digital rectal examination. Of these patients 486 without detectable prostatic cancer, or a history or symptoms of prostatitis and with other specified exclusion criteria were included in the study. The detection and volume measurement of prostatic calculi, and the measurement of prostate volume were performed by transrectal ultrasonography. RESULTS: Prostatic calculi were detected in 198 of the 486 men (40.7%). Mean patient age, prostate volume and serum PSA were not significantly different in men with and without prostatic calculi. Prostate volume was significantly greater in patients with abnormally elevated serum PSA than in those with normal levels. However, no significant difference was found between the percent of men with prostatic calculi or the volumes of prostatic calculi in the 2 groups. Univariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the presence or volume of prostatic calculi was not a risk factor for elevated PSA. Multivariate analysis showed that age and prostate volume were associated with elevated PSA. CONCLUSIONS: The presence or volume of prostatic calculi had no significant effect on serum PSA. Our results suggest that the influence of prostatic calculi is irrelevant in men with elevated PSA.
Pain is the dominant clinical problem in patients with chronic pancreatitis. It can be due to pseudocysts, as well as strictures and stones in the pancreatic ducts. Most experts agree that obstruction could cause increased pressure within the main pancreatic duct or its branches, resulting in pain. Endoscopic therapy aims to alleviate pain by reducing the pressure within the ductal system and draining pseudocysts. Approaches vary according to the specific nature of the problem, and include transgastric, transduodenal and transpapillary stenting and drainage. Additional techniques for the removal of stones from the pancreatic duct include extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. Success rates for stone extraction and stenting of strictures are high in specialized centres that employ experienced endoscopists, but pain often recurs during long term follow-up. Complications include pancreatitis, bleeding, infection and perforation. In the case of pancreatic pseudocysts, percutaneous or even surgical drainage should be considered if septae or large amounts of debris are present within the lesion. This article describes the techniques, indications and results of endoscopic therapy of pancreatic lesions.