PubMed · 13995091
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R UCHIMURA. 1962. [Retrospection].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13995091/
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Beginning with Freud, psychoanalysts have discovered media through which they may achieve a self-analytic experience (for example, by use of dreams, fantasies, reveries, memories, and even visual images). Each of these media is a kind of "fiction" created by the analyst that provides an imaginative space where he or she may gain access to unconscious life. The author demonstrates how a generative self-analytic experience may be accomplished through the medium of psychoanalytic writing: a fictional autobiographical form of writing through which a self-analytic experience is created that has much in common with the analytic experience created by the analyst and analysand.
The quantum changes of Dostoevsky and Tolstoy are clarified by the partly overlapping concept of a literary epiphany. The qualities of an epiphany-intensity, resonance, and mystery-are much like the vividness and surprise of a quantum change (which also is felt to be beneficent and permanent). Epiphanic intensity and mystery reinforce the quantum attributes of love and lasting transformation in Dostoevsky's sudden memory of the motherlike tenderness of the peasant Marey. Tolstoy underlines the quantum effects of the embracing light seen in A Confession, but this epiphany is more abstract and attenuated than Dostoevsky's Diary episode. Tolstoy's earlier memoir shows how the shock of identity questioning introduces a complicating factor: the trauma of remorse. Clinical implications of the two authors' quantum-change accounts are discussed.
Reviewing the literature on autobiographical memory overgenerality, as measured by a cueing task like the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT), gives a diffuse view of the moderating role of depression. This meta-analysis is an attempt to investigate the role of depression in the specificity of autobiographical memory, while accounting for the role of patient and task variables as possible moderators. Meta-analytic techniques are used to synthesize data from 14 studies on the recall of specific autobiographical memories in psychiatric and non-psychiatric samples. The results confirm the relationship between overgenerality and depression. The psychiatric patients are less specific than their non-clinical controls. It is not possible to establish that this result is solely due to a (co-morbid) diagnosis of depression. Self-reported depressed mood is also related to an impairment of autobiographical memory specificity. The way of presenting cues, audio taping responses and the maximum available amount of time to respond, are moderators of AMT performance.