PubMed · 14002253
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Y YAMADA, T ABE, N SHIMIZU. 1962. Histochemical method for demonstrating aconitase.. https://doi.org/10.1679/aohc1950.23.165
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The clinical use of cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II) is highly limited by its nephrotoxicity. The precise mechanisms involved in cisplatin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in kidney have not been completely clarified. Therefore, we investigated in vivo the effects of cisplatin on mitochondrial bioenergetics, redox state, and oxidative stress as well as the occurrence of cell death by apoptosis in cisplatin-treated rat kidney. Adult male Wistar rats weighing 200-220 g were divided into two groups. The control group (n = 8) was treated only with an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of saline solution (1 ml per 100 g body weight), and the cisplatin group (n = 8) was given a single injection of cisplatin (10 mg/kg body weight, i.p.). Animals were sacrificed 72 h after the treatment. The cisplatin group presented acute renal failure characterized by increased plasmatic creatinine and urea levels. Mitochondrial dysfunction was evidenced by the decline in membrane electrochemical potential and the substantial decrease in mitochondrial calcium uptake. The mitochondrial antioxidant defense system was depleted, as shown by decreased GSH and NADPH levels, GSH/GSSG ratio, and increased GSSG level. Moreover, cisplatin induced oxidative damage to mitochondrial lipids, including cardiolipin, and oxidation of mitochondrial proteins, as demonstrated by the significant decrease of sulfhydryl protein concentrations and increased levels of carbonylated proteins. Additionally, aconitase activity, which is essential for mitochondrial function, was also found to be lower in the cisplatin group. Renal cell death via apoptosis was evidenced by the increased caspase-3 activity. Results show the central role of mitochondria and the intensification of apoptosis in cisplatin-induced acute renal failure, highlighting a number of steps that might be targeted to minimize cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
Iron and citrate are essential for the metabolism of most organisms, and regulation of iron and citrate biology at both the cellular and systemic levels is critical for normal physiology and survival. Mitochondrial and cytosolic aconitases catalyze the interconversion of citrate and isocitrate, and aconitase activities are affected by iron levels, oxidative stress and by the status of the Fe-S cluster biogenesis apparatus. Assembly and disassembly of Fe-S clusters is a key process not only in regulating the enzymatic activity of mitochondrial aconitase in the citric acid cycle, but also in controlling the iron sensing and RNA binding activities of cytosolic aconitase (also known as iron regulatory protein IRP1). This review discusses the central role of aconitases in intermediary metabolism and explores how iron homeostasis and Fe-S cluster biogenesis regulate the Fe-S cluster switch and modulate intracellular citrate flux.
Temperature and heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) are important environmental stressors that can strongly affect mitochondrial function of marine poikilotherms. In this study, we investigated the combined effects of temperature (20 degrees C and 30 degrees C) and Cd stress on production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress in a marine poikilotherm Crassostrea virginica (the eastern oyster) using mitochondrial aconitase as a sensitive biomarker of oxidative damage. We also assessed potential involvement of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) in antioxidant protection in oyster mitochondria using purine nucleotides (GDP, ATP and ADP) as specific inhibitors, and free fatty acids as stimulators, of UCPs. Our results show that exposure to Cd results in elevated ROS production and oxidative damage as indicated by aconitase inactivation which is particularly pronounced at elevated temperature. Unexpectedly, oyster mitochondrial aconitase was inhibited by physiologically relevant levels of ATP (IC(50)=1.93 and 3.04 mmol l(-1) at 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C, respectively), suggesting that allosteric regulation of aconitase by this nucleotide may be involved in regulation of the tricarboxylic acid flux in oysters. Aconitase was less sensitive to ATP inhibition at 30 degrees C than at 20 degrees C, consistent with the elevated metabolic flux at higher temperatures. ADP and GDP also inhibited mitochondrial aconitase but at the levels well above the physiological concentrations of these nucleotides (6-11 mmol l(-1)). Our study shows expression of at least three UCP isoforms in C. virginica gill tissues but provides no indication that UCPs protect mitochondrial aconitase from oxidative inactivation in oysters. Overall, the results of this study indicate that temperature stress exaggerates toxicity of Cd leading to elevated oxidative stress in mitochondria, which may have important implications for survival of poikilotherms in polluted environments during seasonal warming and/or global climate change, and suggest a novel temperature-dependent mechanism of allosteric regulation of TCA flux in oyster mitochondria.