PubMed · 14146317
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E SELETZ. 1963. PERIPHERAL NERVE SURGERY.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14146317/
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) continues to evolve, providing almost boundless information about tissue structure and function that can be obtained noninvasively in vivo. MRI is a key tool in the diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The technique is highly sensitive for the definition of brain and spinal cord involvement in MS, including the ability to detect multifocal lesions, diffuse (occult) disease, and macroscopic atrophy. Conventional MRI techniques, which include T2-weighted, T1-weighted, and gadolinium-enhanced imaging, are used primarily to detect overt lesions but can also be used to quantify tissue atrophy. Variations of these techniques also are important, and refinements are under way. The ability to demonstrate lesion dissemination in space and time has led to the common use of MRI as a paraclinical measure to support a diagnosis of MS, including in patients with clinically isolated demyelinating syndromes. In addition, MRI is used to monitor the progress of disease in patients with clinically definite MS, including assessment of lesions and atrophy. The use of conventional MRI in the diagnosis and longitudinal management of patients with MS is the focus of this review.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of Vitamin D for relieving vaginal atrophy. METHODS: In our cross-sectional study, 60 eligible women were consecutively identified among patients who were followed in physical medicine and rehabilitation's outpatient clinic, during the period March June 2001. The sample consisted of 30 postmenopausal women on 1,25-dihydroxy Vitamin D (calcitriol) treatment, 30 postmenopausal women taking neither hormone replacement nor osteoporosis treatment. Vaginal atrophy was determined by symptoms, physical examination and maturation index (MI). RESULTS: The mean physical findings score in Vitamin D treatment (VDT) group was significantly lower than the mean physical findings score in the group without treatment. Symptom scores were lower in both groups and there was not significantly difference between two groups. As maturation indices: in VDT group, superficial cells proportion was significantly higher and basal, parabasal cells proportion was lower than in the group without treatment. CONCLUSION: The results of current study seem to indicate that vaginal tissue may be a new target organ for therapeutically applied Vitamin D analogues.
The authors describe a patient with focal brain atrophy and emotional lability characterized by episodes of excessive crying and laughing. The patient was selectively impaired in the production of voluntary complex facial movements and was unable to regulate her emotional behavior and autonomic reactivity. She also displayed increased behavioral and autonomic changes when explicitly trying to suppress her responses to emotional stimuli (compared with when not trying to regulate her responses). This pattern of deficits supports a selective deficit in voluntary emotional control.