PubMed · 14176277
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R C BOLLES, L W STOJKIEWICZ. 1964. A SIMPLE FAST PULSE FORMER.. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1964.7-308
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The direction of translocation of microtubules on a surface coated with kinesin is usually random. Here we demonstrate and quantify the rate at which externally applied electric fields can direct moving microtubules parallel to the field by deflecting their leading end toward the anode. Effects of electric field strength, kinesin surface density, and microtubule translocation speed on the rate of redirection of microtubules were analyzed statistically. Furthermore, we demonstrated that microtubules can be steered in any desired direction via manipulation of externally applied E-fields.
Individual single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) field effect transistors (FETs) with a 2 nm thick silane-based organic self-assembled monolayer (SAM) gate dielectric have been manufactured. The FETs exhibit a unique combination of excellent device performance parameters. In particular, they operate with a gate-source voltage of only -1 V and exhibit good saturation, large transconductance, and small hysteresis (<or=100 mV), as well as a very low subthreshold swing (60 mV/dec) under ambient conditions. The SAM-based gate dielectric opens the possibility of fabricating transistors operating at low voltages and constitutes a major step toward nanotube-based flexible electronics.
The use of electricity is accompanied by electric and magnetic fields which, intended or not, became a part of our environment. However, fear from environmental electromagnetic fields (EMFs) is widespread and so is business with fear. A number of more or less serious products including miracle products are placed on the market partly at excessive costs. By numerical simulation the efficiency of electromagnetic shielding mats was investigated and claims of manufacturers and their cited expert opinions checked. It could be shown that such products do not fulfil the justified expectations of customers, neither in the extremely low frequency (ELF) nor in the radiofrequency (RF) range. On the contrary, these mats usually make things even worse. The connection to ground, if available, might increase the belief on shielding efficiency, but in fact it even enhances fields instead of improving shielding. The electric conductivity of the mat material plays a minor role in the ELF range and enhances field increase in the RF range. It can not explain the enormous price differences. It could be shown that positive reports can be explained by result picking and exceptional arrangements of selected field sources. Overall, the investigation showed that manufacturer's claims about the shielding effectiveness are misleading and fool the customers about the real situation. Therefore, acquisition and use of electromagnetic shielding mats must be strongly discouraged.