PubMed · 14207346
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A RUBIN, A ERDE. 1964. POSTPARTUM ECLAMPSIA.. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006250-196409000-00022
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Despite the fact that rates of cannabis dependence have increased substantially over the past several years, there are no medications approved for the treatment of cannabis dependence. This paper reviews data from recent research on cannabinoids that may be relevant for the development of pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence. Included in the discussion are findings from studies that have assessed the ability of medications to ameliorate cannabis-related abstinence symptoms in laboratory animals and human research participants. Data from studies that have investigated the effects of pharmacological agents on cannabis self-administration are also reviewed because these data may provide information critical for informing relapse prevention medication development efforts. The majority of published studies evaluating cannabis pharmacotherapies have focused on decreasing withdrawal symptoms: a growing number of medications reduce symptoms in laboratory animals, but the majority of these medications have not been tested in humans. Fewer studies have assessed the effects of potential cannabis treatment medications on cannabinoid-related reinforcing effects. In laboratory animals, only the CB1 cannabinoid antagonist rimonabant has shown promise. In humans, this medication has not been tested on cannabis reinforcing effects. To date, no medication has been shown to alter cannabis self-administration by humans.
OBJECTIVE: To review articles published during the past 10 years relating to the transtheoretical model (TTM) and the medication use process, focusing on prescribing, dispensing, and using prescription and nonprescription medications for legitimate purposes. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Cochrane database, PsychINFO, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and PubMed were searched from 1995 to August 2004 using the key terms models, psychological; prescriptions, drug; drugs, nonprescription; models, theoretical; self medication; patient compliance; medication compliance; decision making; drug therapy and behavior change. Additional searches included the following terms: pharmacists, community; TTM; transtheoretical model, pharmacy services, new practice patterns and physician practice patterns. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Studies with empirical application of any aspect of TTM were included. Abstracts were reviewed by both authors, and data were independently abstracted including, for example, specific aspects of TTM used or tested, context for model use or setting, and results and authors' suggestions for future use of TTM. The reviewers came to consensus on all abstracted information. DATA SYNTHESIS: Eleven articles were identified that contained TTM and drug use; however, only 5 were empirical applications. There were 2 types of applications of TTM in medication use: measurement of stage of change regarding adherence and prediction of adherence using TTM concepts. A 1- and 2-item measure of adherence stage of change have been validated. Medication adherence stage of change varied by type of drug. The pros and cons of taking the medicine and stage of change were useful in predicting adherence. No intervention studies to improve adherence were identified. CONCLUSIONS: TTM has not been used extensively to examine the medication use process. Without further research, no clear recommendation can be provided as to the effectiveness of TTM in improving the drug use process, but it remains promising.
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