PubMed · 14227487
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W H SMITH. 1964. TUBERCULOSIS CASE-FINDING PROGRAM IN ALABAMA.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14227487/
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Inbreeding depression is one of the leading factors preventing the evolution of self-fertilization in plants. In populations where self-fertilization evolves, theory suggests that natural selection against partially recessive deleterious alleles will reduce inbreeding depression. The purpose of this study was to evaluate this hypothesis by comparing the magnitude of inbreeding depression in self-incompatible and self-compatible populations of Leavenworthia alabamica. Within-population crosses were conducted to compare the quantity and quality of offspring produced by outcrossing and self-fertilization. These progeny were grown in a common greenhouse and inbreeding depression was measured in germination, survival, biomass, transition rate to flowering, flower number, petal length, pollen grains/anther, pollen viability, and ovule number. In comparison to outcrossing, self-fertilization led to the production of fewer and smaller seeds within self-incompatible populations. Moreover, inbreeding depression was observed in eight of 11 offspring traits within self-incompatible populations of L. alabamica. In contrast, there was significant inbreeding depression only in flower number within self-compatible populations. The results of this study are consistent with the idea that self-fertilization selectively removes partially recessive deleterious alleles causing inbreeding depression in natural plant populations. However, in plant species such as L. alabamica where self-compatibility may evolve in small populations following long-distance dispersal, declines in inbreeding depression may also be facilitated by genetic drift.
BACKGROUND: Delayed discharge is a costly phenomenon that takes place in every hospital system in the country, with significant operational consequences. The purpose of this study was to identify reasons for delayed discharge and evaluate the financial implications at a Level I trauma center. METHODS: Patients admitted to a Level I trauma center from September 2001 through June 2003 were classified with respect to those who did and did not experience a delay in discharge. RESULTS: For every 25 patients admitted to the trauma center, 1 experienced a delay in discharge, with an average delay of 6 days. The majority of the delays in discharge were attributable to difficulties in patient placement, such as lack of a rehabilitation or subacute hospital bed. Total hospital charges for excess days in the hospital for patients experiencing a delay in discharge were $2,455,703 per year and total costs were $715,403 per year. Patients with delayed discharge tended to be older, female, more severely injured, and more likely to have government-sponsored insurance. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the main cause of delayed discharge from trauma centers is a consequence of limitations in posthospital care. Strategies must be identified to reduce the barriers to posthospital care to reduce these delays in discharge, lower unnecessary hospital costs, and ensure the financial viability of trauma centers and continuation of clinical services to the communities they serve.
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