PubMed · 14271409
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B GIZDAVCIC. 1964. [A NEW TEMPERATURE CHART].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14271409/
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BACKGROUND: Since the 1930s, carbon dioxide (CO(2)) has been combined with cold storage for the preservation of food. However, its use for the prevention of surgical wound infection was long considered to be impractical. Now CO(2) is widely used during laparoscopic procedures, and a method has been developed to create a CO(2) atmosphere in an open wound. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CO(2) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus at body temperature. METHODS: First, S. aureus inoculated on blood agar were exposed to pure CO(2) (100%), standard anaerobic gas (5% CO(2), 10% hydrogen, 85% nitrogen), or air at 37 degrees C for a period of 24 h; then a viable count of the bacteria was made. Second, S. aureus inoculated in brain-heart infusion broth and kept at 37 degrees C were exposed to CO(2) or air for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h; then the optical density of the bacteria was measured. RESULTS: After 24 h, the number of S. aureus on blood agar was about 100 times lower in CO(2) than in anaerobic gas (p = 0.001) and about 1,000 times lower than in air (p = 0.001). Also, in broth, there were fewer bacteria with CO(2) than with air (p < 0.01). After 2 h, the number of bacteria was increased with air (p < 0.001) but not with CO(2) (p = 0.13). After 8 h, the optical density had increased from zero to 1.2 with air but it had increased only to 0.01 with CO(2) (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Pure CO(2) significantly decreased the growth rate of S. aureus at body temperature. The inhibitory effect of CO(2) increased exponentially with time. Its bacteriostatic effect may help to explain the low infection rates in patients who undergo laparoscopic procedures.
Intracranial temperature measurement may play a pivotal role for prognosis and treatment of neurological and neurosurgical patients. For reliable clinical application, accurate temperature readings are therefore necessary. We present an independent in vitro study investigating the accuracy and stability of three temperature probes. Eight Neurovent-P Temp (RN), eight Licox temperature sensors (LT) and eight Neurotrend sensors (NT) were placed into a water bath. The temperature was increased in 3 degrees C increments from 30 to 42 degrees C before (accuracy test day 0) and after (accuracy test day 5) a long-term stability test run at 37 +/- 0.2 degrees C. The accuracy tests revealed deviations of <0.25, <0.2 and >0.4 degrees C for the RN, NT and LT probes, respectively, when compared to the reference measurement by a precision Pt100 temperature measuring instrument. All sensor types showed stable readings over the course of 120 h. The high variability of LT probes was due to a malfunctioning Licox monitor. Excluding these values reduced deviation below 0.21 degrees C the standard deviation at each temperature step was below +/-0.08 (RN, NT) and +/-0.12 (LT), laying within the range provided by the manufacturer (RN, NT: +/-0.1; LT: +/-0.2). In general, RN, NT and LT temperature measurement is reliable, but malfunctioning parts may lead to false interpretation of temperature readings. Therefore, validation of temperature probes to a reference temperature prior to clinical use is recommended.