PubMed · 14330245
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W AUINGER. 1964-09-11. [HEMODYNAMIC CHANGES AFTER OPERATIONS].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14330245/
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The association between cancer and hemostasis has long been studied in cell culture, animal models, and cancer patients developing thrombosis. The variety of biologic mechanisms involved in malignancy and metastasis makes the understanding of the relative importance of each mechanism difficult. We have developed a novel in vitro perfusion model that allows for the isolated study of the interactions between tumor cells and components of the hemostatic system under normal physiologic conditions. Segments of denuded umbilical cord or saphenous vein are cut longitudinally and mounted in a perfusion chamber under sterile conditions. Human breast cancer cells are perfused for 24 h under venous flow conditions with either whole blood (WB), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-poor plasma (PPP), or serum. Tissue samples are fixed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin as well as with pan-cytokeratin. Morphometric analysis is performed to quantify cancer cell adhesion. With PRP, this model maintains normal human physiologic conditions for the duration of the experiment. It differentiates between previously characterized high and low metastatic breast cancer cell lines. In addition, different vein tissue types do not alter tumor cell attachment. This model appears to be an accurate representation of the pathophysiology of in vivo metastasis. This model may serve as a useful bridge between cell culture studies and animal models. It may be a useful tool to elucidate the role of selected hemostatic systems in blood-borne metastasis and may potentially serve as a screening tool for the development of antimetastatic pharmaceutical agents.
Our understanding of fetal circulatory physiology is based on experimental animal data, and this continues to be an important source of new insight into developmental mechanisms. A growing number of human studies have investigated the human physiology, with results that are similar but not identical to those from animal studies. It is time to appreciate these differences and base more of our clinical approach on human physiology. Accordingly, the present review focuses on distributional patterns and adaptational mechanisms that were mainly discovered by human studies. These include cardiac output, pulmonary and placental circulation, fetal brain and liver, venous return to the heart, and the fetal shunts (ductus venosus, foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus). Placental compromise induces a set of adaptational and compensational mechanisms reflecting the plasticity of the developing circulation, with both short- and long-term implications. Some of these aspects have become part of the clinical physiology of today with consequences for surveillance and treatment.
The dynamics of fluid vesicles and red blood cells (RBCs) in cylindrical capillary flow is studied by using a three-dimensional mesoscopic simulation approach. As flow velocity increases, a model RBC is found to transit from a nonaxisymmetric discocyteto an axisymmetric parachute shape (coaxial with the flow axis), while a fluid vesicle is found to transit from a discocyte to a prolate ellipsoid. Both shape transitions reduce the flow resistance. The critical velocities of the shape transitions are linearly dependent on the bending rigidity and on the shear modulus of the membrane. Slipper-like shapes of the RBC model are observed around the transition velocities. Our results are in good agreement with experiments on RBCs.