PubMed · 14344089
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J J SHERWOOD. 1965. A RELATION BETWEEN AROUSAL AND PERFORMANCE.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14344089/
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The existence of specific somatic states associated with different emotions remains controversial. In this study, we investigated the profile of cardiorespiratory activity during the experience of fear, anger, sadness and happiness. ECG and respiratory activity was recorded in 43 healthy volunteers during the recall and experiential reliving of one or two potent emotional autobiographical episodes and a neutral episode. Univariate statistics indicated that the four emotions differed from each other and from the neutral control condition on several linear and spectral indices of cardiorespiratory activity. Dependent variables were further reduced to five physiologically meaningful factors using an exploratory principal component analysis (PCA). Multivariate analyses of variance and effect size estimates calculated on those factors confirmed the differences between the four emotion conditions. A stepwise discriminant analyses predicting emotions using the PCA factors led to a classification rate of 65.3% for the four emotions (chance=25%; p=0.001) and of 72.0-83.3% for pair-wise discrimination (chance=50%; p's<0.05). These findings may be considered preliminary in view of the small sample on which the multivariate approach has been applied. However, this study emphasizes the need to better characterize the multidimensional factors involved in cardio-respiratory regulation during emotion. These results are consistent with the notion that distinct patterns of peripheral physiological activity are associated with different emotions.
Little is known of the neural processes that underlie concept-formation abilities in human infants. We investigated category-learning processes in infants both by using a common behavioral measure and by recording the brain's electrical activity (event-related potentials, or ERPs). ERPs were recorded while 6-month-olds viewed cat images during training, followed by novel cat images interspersed with novel dog images during test. The data indicate that distinct neural signals correspond with learning of a category presented during familiarization, preferential responding to a novel category, and representation of category exemplars at multiple levels of inclusiveness. The results suggest that fundamental components of the neural architecture supporting object categorization are functional within the first half-year of postnatal life, before infants acquire language and young children engage in formal learning of semantic categories. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for models of category learning and development.
Secondary insomnia is defined as difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep that occurs as a consequence of another primary medical or psychiatric disorder. This distinction from primary insomnia has been thought to be important from a diagnostic standpoint so that treatment for secondary insomnia can appropriately target the primary disorder. By convention, treating insomnia directly has only been recommended with primary insomnia. However, a number of recent studies of cognitive-behavioral treatment for a wide range of secondary insomnias have demonstrated that this approach is an effective treatment in this population. These results are not predicted by the traditional conceptualization of secondary insomnia. Results of epidemiological research also argue against viewing insomnia that is comorbid with another disorder as being caused by that disorder. A revised model is needed to understand insomnia that is comorbid with medical and/or psychiatric illness, in addition to re-evaluating standard treatment protocols for comorbid insomnia.