PubMed · 14389690
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A A MACKELVIE. 1955. Triplicate ureter: case report.. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.1955.tb03455.x
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The National Congenital Anomaly System (NCAS) was set up in 1964, following the thalidomide epidemic, as a monitoring system designed to detect changes in the frequency of reporting of malformations. Its original aim was to detect anomalies reported within 7 days of birth. The NCAS is voluntary at all stages and covers all live- and stillbirths. It has two tiers; a 'passive system' receiving congenital anomaly notifications through a standard paper notification form, known as the SD56, and the congenital anomaly registers that send notifications electronically. Congenital anomalies are classified using the International Classification of Diseases codes and 10 monitoring groups. The Office for National Statistics performs a statistical analysis on a monthly, quarterly and annual basis, using the cumulative sum technique, which is the basis upon which surveillance alerts are raised within the system. The NCAS is now an open database where congenital anomalies can be notified whenever they are detected. The aim of this paper is to describe the current operation and uses of the NCAS based on guidelines for the evaluation of public health surveillance systems published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The phenotypes of triploid fetuses and placentae are now well established and known to correlate with parental origin of the extra haploid set of chromosomes. In fetuses, it is not clear whether there is a direct parent of origin effect on the fetus itself or if the phenotypes are the result of growth differences influenced by abnormalities in growth and function of the placenta. Examining the phenotype of triploid embryos at an earlier stage in gestation, when the placenta effects may be less pronounced, could help clarify this question. A phenotype characteristic of triploidy in the embryonic period has been described; however, parental origin was not determined in these embryonic cases. In the present study, a population of triploid embryos is assessed to determine if there is a correlation between parental origin and phenotype. Parental origin was determined in 27 first trimester miscarriages. Digyny accounted for 19 cases and diandry for eight cases. Assessment of embryonic phenotype with parental origin showed no correlation between the phenotype of the embryo and parental origin of the extra haploid set. While there may be subtle effects of imprinting on embryonic development, they are not as obvious as they are in the mouse, consistent with the general trend of fewer imprinted genes in human beings compared with the mouse.
Despite increasing research into men's experience of pregnancy and fatherhood, experiences of men whose partner is undergoing fetal screening and diagnosis have been less well-studied. This paper begins to fill a gap in the literature by identifying several potentially conflicting male roles in screening, diagnosis and subsequent decision-making. Drawing on a wider qualitative study in the UK of experiences of antenatal screening, it is suggested men may play inter-linked roles: as parents, bystanders, protectors/supporters, gatherers and guardians of fact, and deciders or enforcers. These may be roles they have chosen, or which are assigned to them intentionally or unintentionally by others (their female partner, health professionals). Men's status and feelings as fathers are sometimes overlooked or suppressed, or may conflict with their other roles, particularly when screening detects possible problems with the baby. The paper concludes by discussing these findings in the context of the wider literature on men and pregnancy.