PubMed · 14456448
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S KISS, M MILTENYI, H BODANSZKY. 1962. [Thyroid function tests in atrophy in infants].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14456448/
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BK virus (BKV) is ubiquitous in the human population and establishes a lifelong, subclinical persistent infection in the urinary tract. When the immune system is compromised, it can cause severe disease in the kidney and bladder. Detection of BKV sequences in urinary tract neoplasms has led to the postulate that this virus may induce human oncogenesis through the function of its large tumor antigen (TAg). In this study, examination of prostate tumor tissue sections using in situ hybridization shows the presence of BKV sequences in atrophic epithelium. Solution polymerase chain reaction on DNA extracted from the tissues and sequence analysis of the products reveal the presence of BKV regulatory and early region sequences. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis using monoclonal antibodies specific to TAg or p53 shows the expression of TAg in some of the samples and p53 staining that can be correlated to TAg expression. Although the normal cellular localization of TAg and p53 is nuclear, double immunofluorescence labeling with anti-p53 and TAg antibodies indicates colocalization of p53 and TAg to the cytoplasm in the glandular epithelial cells of the sections. Although BKV DNA was found in benign and atrophic lesions, TAg and p53 coexpression was observed only in atrophic lesions.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of the combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT) estradiol valerate/levonorgestrel on vaginal symptoms, vaginal health index, vaginal pH, and vaginal cytology. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, open-label study involving 32 postmenopausal women was performed in Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. All the subjects received sequential oral estrogen-progestogen hormone replacement therapy, which contains 2 mg estradiol valerate and 0.15 mg levonorgestrel, for 6 months. The results in terms of vaginal health index, vaginal pH, and vaginal cytology before and after treatment were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of these postmenopausal women was 52.56 +/- 3.33 years (range: 46-60 years). The mean time since the last menstrual period was 3.41 +/- 2.95 years (range: 1-15 years). The vaginal health index, which indicates vaginal health by means of scores for vaginal moistness, vaginal fluid volume, vaginal elasticity, vaginal mucosa, and vaginal pH rose significantly in all the women. The mean vaginal pH became significantly lower. The vaginal cytology showed an estrogenic effect on the karyopyknotic index (KPI) and the maturation value (MV) after 3 and 6 months of treatment. CONCLUSION: During estradiol valerate and levonorgestrel treatment, there were demonstrable improvements in the objective signs of vaginal atrophy: atrophic vaginal epithelium became thicker and vaginal pH lower, and the morphology of the vaginal cells was better.
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