PubMed · 14462964
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T B LAW. 1960. Headache.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14462964/
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BACKGROUND: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the major cause of death in the western world and biochemical markers have been used to identify those individuals who are at increased risk. Although numerous markers have been considered, only total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been recommended for assessing CHD risk in routine clinical practice. METHODS: Specific performance goals have been established for the lipid markers and for the measurement of CRP considering both some significant pre-analytical and analytical issues which could affect the quality of their measurements. RESULTS: The target for quality specifications for LDL-C with the reference method are CV < or =4% and bias < or =4%. Regarding the measurement of CRP, total imprecision should be <10% across the linear range of the assay and the analytical sensitivity may allow a reliable measurement at values lower than 0.3 mg/l. CONCLUSIONS: Although national guidelines do exist for LDL-C measurement, additional studies are needed to better characterize the performances of routine methods. As more data are available for CRP, guidelines for its measurement will be soon developed.
Epitaxial relationships between the surfaces of inorganic and bioorganic crystals can be an important factor in crystal nucleation and growth processes in a variety of biological environments. Crystalline cholesterol monohydrate (ChM), a constituent of both gallstone and atherosclerotic plaques, is often found in association with assorted mineral phases. Using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) and well-characterized model bile solutions, the nucleation and epitaxial growth of ChM on calcite (104) surfaces in real-time is demonstrated. The growth rates of individual cholesterol islands formed on calcite substrates were determined at physiological temperatures. Evidence of Ostwald's ripening was also observed under these experimental conditions. The energetics of various (104) calcite/(001) ChM interfaces were calculated to determine the most stable interfacial structure. These simulations suggest that the interface is fully hydrated and that cholesterol hydroxyl groups are preferentially positioned above carbonate ions in the calcite surface. This combination of experimental and theoretical work provides a clearer picture of how preexisting mineral seeds might provide a viable growth template that can reduce the energetic barrier to cholesterol nucleation under some physiological conditions.
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