PubMed · 14580980
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Christoph Sommer. 2003. Locking Compression Plate.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2003.09.019
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Diverse physical forces including deformation or strain, pressure, and shear stress affect the intestinal mucosa during normal function, and mucosal biology is altered in pathological states in which these forces alter. Taken together with evidence in other tissues and cell types that physical forces can affect cell biology, this has led to the hypothesis that repetitively applied physical forces can initiate intracellular signals that alter intestinal epithelial proliferation and phenotype. This review outlines the nature of such forces and summarizes in vivo and in vitro evidence in support of the paradigm that repetitive force is trophic for the intestinal mucosa via a complex cascade of intracellular signals.
Prehensile grasp capability is typically quantified by pinch and grasp forces. This work was undertaken to develop a methodology to assess complex, multi-axis hand exertions through the measurement of forces and moments exerted by the hand along and about three orthogonal axes originating at the grip centre; termed an external wrench. Instrumentation consisting of a modified pinch/grip dynamometer affixed to a 6 df force cube was developed to simultaneously measure three forces, three moments and the pinch/grip force about the centre of the grip. Twenty right hand dominant manual workers (10 male and 10 female), free of hand or wrist disorders, completed a variety of maximal strength tasks. The randomized block design involved three separate grips--power grip, lateral pinch and pulp pinch. Randomized within each block were three non-concurrent repetitions of isolated maximal force and moment generations along and about the three principle orthogonal axes and a maximal grip force exertion. Trials were completed while standing, with the arm abducted and elbow flexed to 90 degrees with a wrist posture near neutral. Where comparable protocols existed in the literature, forces and moments exerted were found to be of similar magnitude to those reported previously. Female and male grip strengths on a Jamar dynamometer were 302.6 N and 450.5 N, respectively. Moment exertions in a power grip (female and male) were 4.7 Nm and 8.1 Nm for pronator, 4.9 Nm and 8.0 Nm for supinator, 6.2 Nm and 10.3 Nm for radial deviator, 7.7 Nm and 13.0 Nm for ulnar deviator, 6.2 Nm and 8.2 Nm for extensor, and 7.1 Nm and 9.3 Nm for flexor moments. Correlations with and between maximal force and moment exertions were only moderate. This paper describes instrumentation that allows comprehensive characterization of prehensile force and moment capability.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent and mechanism of uptake of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles by A549 cells. PLGA nanoparticles of 150 nm were prepared by a solvent diffusion method and covalently conjugated to FITC-WGA (fWGA) or FITC-bovine serum albumin (fBSA) by a two-step carbodiimide method. Uptake of fWGA-PLGA and fBSA-PLGA nanoparticles by confluent A549 cells was quantified by fluorometry. A549 cellular uptake of fWGA-PLGA nanoparticles at 2 h, 37 degrees C was 5.02-fold that of fBSA-PLGA nanoparticles at a loading concentration of 2.65 mg/mL. The difference in uptake between the two types of nanoparticles was increased to 7.84-fold at a higher loading concentration of 5.3 mg/mL, but was reduced to 2.07-fold by lowering the uptake temperature to 4 degrees C. Coincubation with 5 mg/mL of unlabeled WGA negated the differential uptake of fWGA-PLGA nanoparticles at 4 degrees C, suggesting that the nanoparticles interacted with a specific WGA-binding receptor on the cell membrane. Internalization of the fWGA-PLGA nanoparticles by the A549 cells was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Filipin (1 microg/mL), a known inhibitor of caveolae, reduced the 1-h uptake of the nanoparticles by 75%. Surface modification of PLGA nanoparticles with WGA significantly enhanced its endocytosis by A549 cells by a receptor-mediated, caveola-dependent pathway.